Ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ igwe anaghị agba nchara 347 Ogo nke venous ma ọ bụ ọbara capillary, akọwapụtara maka SARS-CoV-2, nzaghachi T-cell na-ekpebi mgbochi na COVID-19.

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347 igwe anaghị agba nchara chemical mejupụtara

Igwe anaghị agba nchara 347 Coil Tube Chemical Composition

Ngwakọta kemịkalụ na akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke igwe anaghị agba nchara 347 coil tube bụ ndị a:
Carbon - 0.030% max
Chromium - 17-19%
Nickel - 8-10.5%
Manganese - ihe karịrị 1%.

Njirimara igwe anaghị agba nchara 347 Coil Tube Mechanical Properties

Dịka onye nrụpụta igwe anaghị agba nchara 347 Coil Tube si kwuo, akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke 347 Coil Tube:
- Ike ike (psi) - 75,000 min
- Ike Mpụta (psi) - 30,000 min
- elongation (% na 2 ″) - 25% nkeji
- Brinell Hardness (BHN) - 170 max

Ngwa & ojiji nke igwe anaghị agba nchara 347 Coil Tube

• Igwe anaghị agba nchara 347 Coil Tube eji na Sugar Mills.
• Igwe anaghị agba nchara 347 Coil Tube eji na fatịlaịza.
• Igwe anaghị agba nchara 347 Coil Tube eji na ụlọ ọrụ.
• Igwe anaghị agba nchara 347 Coil Tube ejiri na osisi ọkụ.
• Igwe anaghị agba nchara 347 Coil Tube eji na nri na mmiri ara ehi.
• Igwe anaghị agba nchara 347 Coil Tube eji na mmanụ na gas osisi.
• Igwe anaghị agba nchara 347 Coil Tube Manufacturer eji na ShipBuilding Industry.

A na-eche na sel T pụrụ iche SARS-CoV-2 ga-echebe megide ọrịa na ọganihu nke COVID-19, mana enweghị akaebe ọ bụla maka nke a.N'ebe a, anyị tụlere nha ọbara zuru oke nke sel SARS-CoV-2-kpọmkwem interferon-γ nti nwere nsonaazụ nyocha COVID-19 dị mma (PCR na/ma ọ bụ mpụta) n'ime ọnwa isii nke nchịkọta ọbara Lian.N'ime ndị sonyere 148 nyere onyinye ọbara venous, ịdị ukwuu nke nzaghachi sel SARS-CoV-2 kpọmkwem dị elu karịa na ndị echekwabara karịa ndị butere ọrịa ahụ (P <0.0001).% ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa, ebe oke ike belatara ihe egwu a ruo 5.4%.A chịkọtara nsonaazụ ndị a na ndị sonyere 299 ọzọ bụ ndị nwalere nyocha ọbara capillary nwere ike ịkwado ohere ịnweta data mgbochi T-cell ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ (14.9% vs. 4.4%).Yabụ, nha nke mkpụrụ ndụ T akọwapụtara maka SARS-CoV-2 nwere ike ibu amụma ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa yana ekwesịrị inyocha ya mgbe ị na-elele ọkwa mgbochi nke mmadụ na ndị bi na ya.
Atụ na ịghọta nzaghachi mgbochi ọrịa SARS-CoV-2 dị mkpa iji mepụta atụmatụ dị mma n'ọdịnihu iji belata ahụike ọha na mmetụta akụ na ụba nke ntiwapụ COVID-19 n'ọdịnihu.Nchọpụta nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ ga-enye ozi dị mkpa gbasara ike ndị mmadụ nwere na nje virus, ikekwe ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge maka ụlọ ọgwụ kacha elu, ma nyekwa ndị mmadụ ohere iji aka ha chịkwaa ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa na ihe ize ndụ nke ibunye ndị ọzọ.Onyunyo mgbochi ọrịa egosila na ọ dị oke mkpa iji nyochaa ịdị irè nke ọgwụ mgbochi COVID-19 na ndị ọrịa nwere ahụike yana ndị nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ1,2,3 ọkachasị na SARS-CoV-24 mutant, na nchọpụta nke immunocompromised ga-apụta mkpa ọ dị ịkwalite ọgwụ mgbochi. ntiwapụ n'ọdịnihu .
Ọkwa mgbochi nke onye ọ bụla na ọrịa SARS-CoV-2 dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe: ibu nje n'oge mkpughe, ụdị nje virus, afọ, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa / ọrịa gara aga, ọrịa nje, ọgwụ na nke kachasị mkpa, ọrịa mgbochi SARS-CoV. .Nzaghachi mgbochi 2 na-eme mgbanwe na-eme n'oge ikpughe na nje5.Nyochaa nzaghachi mgbochi ọrịa na ọrịa SARS-CoV-2 na/ma ọ bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa lekwasịrị anya na nyocha serological na-atụ ọnụnọ nke ọgwụ mgbochi maka protein nhazi (dịka spike glycoprotein).Agbanyeghị, ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi naanị anaghị ekpebi n'ụzọ ziri ezi nzaghachi mgbochi mgbochi, n'ihi na azịza na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'ime oge6 na mwepụta nke SARS-CoV-2 dị iche iche na mgbake ma ọ bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ugboro abụọ na-adịghị ike, nke nwere ike ibute nnukwu ọrụ. ọnụọgụ ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa7.N'ezie, nchebe megide mgbaàmà COVID-19 kpatara nke Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) kwụsịrị ruo ihe dị ka 10% mgbe naanị ọnwa 4-6 nke ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi mRNA gasịrị, n'agbanyeghị na nchebe megide ọrịa siri ike nọgidere> 68% ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwa 7.Ntụle nzaghachi nzaghachi cell T nke ebe nchekwa na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke na-enye nchebe ogologo oge megide ọrịa nje, bụ ihe ngosipụta kachasị mma nke ike ibute ọrịa SARS-CoV-2, yabụ na-egosi nke ọma ihe ize ndụ nke ịnwale nnwale maka COVID-199, ebe ọ bụ na T. mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ike igbochi ọrịa.na-enweghị seroconversion10,11.Agbanyeghị, nleba anya nke nzaghachi cell T cell enwetabeghị nlebara anya n'ihi ihe isi ike usoro na nsogbu logistical n'inweta na ibuga ihe nlele ọbara venous, ọkachasị mgbe ị na-eme nnukwu nyocha nyocha iji chọpụta ịdị irè ọgwụ mgbochi na nyochaa mgbochi.Agbanyeghị, ndị ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-egosi ọrụ cell T siri ike megide ụdị SARS-CoV-2, nwere ike belata mfu nke mmeghachi omume mgbochi iji gbochie oke COVID-1912,13.
N'ebe a, anyị chọrọ ịghọta ma otu nha nke nzaghachi cell SARS-CoV-2 T nwere ike ibu amụma ihe egwu zuru oke nke ọrịa SARS-CoV-2 n'ime ọnwa isii nke nlele ọbara, n'agbanyeghị agbanyeghị ihe na-ebute ụzọ mgbochi.Iji mee ka nnwale cell T dị elu ma dabara na ọmụmụ ihe buru ibu, anyị gbalịkwara ime ka ule ahụ dị ntakịrị ka e wee mee ya site na iji ihe nlele ọbara mkpịsị aka capillary.
Anyị tụrụ nzaghachi cellular na ihu ọchị na ndị na-enye onyinye ahụike site na iji nchikota nke sel SARS-CoV-2 T na ọgwụ mgbochi IgG dabere na ọbara venous dum (maka njirimara ndị so na ya, lee Machị 2022 14. N'ime ndị nyere ọgwụ mgbochi, SARS-CoV-2- Achọpụtara nzaghachi T-cellular kpọmkwem site na ịlele ọkwa plasma interferon-γ (IFN-γ) na-eso mkpali ọbara dum na SARS-CoV-2 peptide (dị ka ọ dị na mbụ, refs. 14,15,16,17,18) na nzaghachi IgG metụtara. na nucleocapsid (N) na-abawanye na ndị na-akọ banyere ọrịa gara aga, ọ bụ ezie na nzaghachi abụọ ahụ dị elu na ndị na-enye onyinye na-ebute ọrịa na mbụ, nke kachasị na ahụ (Fig 1a,b) Nzaghachi IgG megide spike glycoproteins (RBD, S1, S2) kachasị n'ime ndị nyere onyinye ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na mbụ (Foto 1c-e).
A tụlere nzaghachi sel SARS-CoV-2 kpọmkwem IFN-γ+ T site na nyocha ọbara dum yana dabere na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ndị sonyere na ọnọdụ ọrịa SARS-CoV-2 tupu ọrịa (nke PCR na / ma ọ bụ ule nrịba mpụta gosipụtara) 'Vac + /Inf +' n = 60 (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), 'Vac + /Inf-' n = 82 (acha anụnụ anụnụ), 'Vac-/Inf +' n = 4 (edo edo), 'Vac-/Inf-' n = 1 (anaghị etinye ya).SARS-CoV-2-kpọmkwem mmeghachi omume njikọ njikọ IgG lekwasịrị anya nucleocapsid (“N”) (b; **** P <0.0001, ** P = 0.0016), ngalaba nnabata nnabata (“RBD”) (c; **) P = 0.0022, * P <0.015), spike subunit 1 ("S1") (d; *** P = 0.0005, * (Vac + / Inf + vs. Vac + / Inf-) P = 0.022, * (Vac- /Inf+ vs. Vac+/Inf-) P = 0.012) na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu 2 ("S2") (e) tụrụ site na venous dum ọbara ule na dabere na onye so na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na tupu SARS -CoV-2 (PCR kwadoro na/). ma ọ bụ lateral flow test) ọnọdụ ọrịa.'Vac + /Inf +' n = 60 (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), 'Vac + /Inf-' n = 71-82 (acha anụnụ anụnụ), 'Vac-/Inf +' n = 4 (edo edo).A na-eji ule Kruskal-Wallis atụnyere atụnyere, emeziri maka ọtụtụ ntụnyere site na iji ule Dunn.Egosiri data a dị ka eserese (akara etiti na etiti, oke elu na 75th percentile, oke ala na 25th percentile) na whiskers na opekempe na ụkpụrụ kachasị.Ntụpọ ọ bụla na-anọchite anya onye nyere onyinye.A na-enye data raw n'ụdị faịlụ data raw.
Mgbe nlele ọbara gasịrị, a gwara ndị sonyere ka ha kọwapụta PCR dị mma na/ma ọ bụ nsonaazụ nnwale mpụta maka COVID-19;Ọ bụrụ na ndị sonyere nwalere ihe dị mma n'etiti 1 Septemba 2021 na 29 Disemba 2021, a na-eche na ha bu ọrịa Delta (B.1.617.2) variant coronavirus na Omicron (B.1.1.529) na Health Health Wales mgbe Disemba 29, 2021 gasịrị, mgbe nhọrọ nke nchegbu na-aghọ isi.N'ime ndị nyere onyinye 148 bara uru, anyị hụrụ ọnụọgụ ọrịa nke 26.3% (39/148) n'ime ọnwa isii nke onyinye ọbara, 38 n'ime ha natara ọgwụ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ nke ọgwụ COVID-19 (mmepe ọrịa ahụ mere mgbe Pfizer/BioNTech gasịrị. BNT162b2) ọgwụ mgbochi mRNA ma ọ bụ ọgwụ mgbochi AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19));onye nyere onye na-enyeghị ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa buterekwa ya.Nzaghachi nke SARS-CoV-2-kpọmkwem IFN-γ-positive T cell dị ala nke ukwuu n'ime ndị kọrọ nyocha nyocha dị mma maka COVID-19 karịa ndị nyere onyinye enweghị ọrịa (P <0.0001; Fig. 2a), ọkachasị n'ihi ezigbo nnabata nke nzaghachi cell T site na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na ụfọdụ ndị sonyere (P = 0.050; Mgbakwunye Fig. 1).Enweghị njikọ dị n'etiti ịdị ukwuu nke nzaghachi cell IFN-γ+ T yana oge iji nweta nsonaazụ nnwale COVID-19 dị mma (Ntinye mgbakwunye 2).N'ụzọ dị iche, ọ bụghị RBD-, S1-, S2-binding IgG nzaghachi (Figures 2b-d) ma ọ bụ RBD-, S1-neutralizing antibody nzaghachi kpọmkwem maka ụdị anụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ delta SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.617).) (Mgbakwunye 3) nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa.Agbanyeghị, nzaghachi IgG nwere njikọ dị ala na SARS-CoV-2 jikọtara ya na ihe egwu nke ọrịa COVID-19 (P = 0.0084; Figure 2e);ndị nwalere ihe dị mma bụ 85% obere obere (P = 0.00035; MA Ọ BỤ 0.15, 95).% CI: 0.047-0.39 (Ntinye mgbakwunye 4).
Nlele ọbara venous sitere na ndị na-enye onyinye ahụike (n = 148) nyochara azịza SARS-CoV-2 kpọmkwem IFN-γ+ T-cell (a; **** P <0.0001) na njikọ nke onye na-anabata Spike na SARS-CoV akọwapụtara. -2 mkpali.ngalaba ("RBD") (b), spike 1 subunit ("S1″) (c), spike 2 subunit ("S2″) (d), na nucleocapsid ("N") (e; ** P = 0.0084) .Ndị sonyere nwalere ihe dị mma maka COVID-19 (PCR na/ma ọ bụ mpụta mpụta) chọpụtara;Ọrịa niile mere n'ime ọnwa isii nke nlele ọbara.E jiri ule ọdụdụ abụọ mee ihe atụ Mann-Whitney.Egosiri data a dị ka eserese (akara etiti na etiti, oke elu na 75th percentile, oke ala na 25th percentile) na whiskers na opekempe na ụkpụrụ kachasị.Ntụpọ ọ bụla na-anọchite anya onye nyere onyinye.ns adịghị mkpa.The heatmap f na-egosi ndakọrịta ọkwa Spearman n'etiti mgbanwe maka dataset akọwapụtara.E wepụrụ ntụnyere ndị na-abụghị ihe ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ na matriks ma were mkpụrụ ndụ oghere akara.A na-enye data raw n'ụdị faịlụ data raw.
A na-ahụta nbibi dị mma nke 14 nke edobere ka ọ dị oke aka ike iji chọpụta ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ọzọ, yabụ ewepụtala ọnụọgụ dị n'etiti iji guzobe oke ihe egwu zuru oke.Ihe atụ ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ, nke gụnyere naanị mgbanwe ndị nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nsonaazụ ya, gosipụtara na ịdị ukwuu nke nzaghachi sel SARS-CoV-2-kpọmkwem IFN-γ+ T bụ ihe kacha mkpa na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ maka ịchọpụta ohere mmadụ nwere ịnọ. nwalere maka COVID.-19 dị mma (Foto 2f na ihe mgbakwunye 4).Ndị ọrịa nwere nzaghachi cell SARS-CoV-2 kpọmkwem IFN-γ+ T na nke atọ (194-489 pg / ml IFN-γ) na anọ (> 489 pg / ml IFN-γ) quartiles 65% (P = 0.055; OR 0.35, 95% CI: 0.11-1.00) na 90% (P = 0.0050; OR 0.098, 95% CI: 0.014-0.42) nwere ọtụtụ ndị sonyere.Ohere dị gịrịgịrị (Mgbakwunye Fig. 4).N'ozuzu, ndị sonyere na nzaghachi SARS-CoV-2 kpọmkwem T cell sitere na ọbara venous ≤79 pg/mL IFN-γ nwere ihe ize ndụ 43.2% nke ibute ọrịa na ọnwa 6, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nzaghachi> 489 pg / ml.ml nke IFN-γ nwere ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa 5.4% (tebụl 2).
Nnwale ọbara niile nke venous nwere oke n'ihi mkpa nchịkọta nlele site na phlebotomist.Iji bulie nnweta T cell na ule IgG maka SARS-CoV-2, emepụtara usoro nlele ọbara ọzọ iji mee ka ndị sonyere nweta nlele ọbara mkpịsị aka n'ụlọ.Ruo n'ókè anyị maara, enwebeghị akụkọ gara aga banyere nleta ọrụ cell T-antigen-kpọmkwem na nlele ọbara capillary.Egosiputala njikọ siri ike na mbụ n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ lymphocyte enwetara site na iji ihe atụ ọbara capillary na venous.Na mgbakwunye, a kọwapụtara na nyocha niile dabere na ọbara na-atụle nzaghachi sel SARS-CoV-2 kpọmkwem na-eji naanị 320 μL nke ọbara venous,20 na-ewepụ nchegbu banyere ugboro nke progenitor T cell n'ụdị ọbara capillary.
Anyị jiri nyocha ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke sel SARS-CoV-2 T na ọgwụ mgbochi IgG dabere na ọbara ọbara niile iji tụọ nzaghachi cellular na ihu ọchị na ndị sonyere nwere ọrịa dị iche iche na ọkwa ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi / ọrịa tupu (Table 1).ewepụtara site n'ofe UK n'etiti 24 Jenụwarị na 14 Maachị 202214. Ọtụtụ (90.9%) nke akara mkpịsị aka enwetara nke ọma wee zigara ụlọ nyocha n'ime awa 24 nke nchịkọta.N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-enweta ihe nlele n'ime awa 48 nke ntinye ọbara, mana ọ nweghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe nlele ndị a gafere nyocha njikwa mma yana emetụtaghị mkpokọta T cell ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi mgbochi (Mgbakwunye 5).Agbanyeghi na enwere ndiiche n'oke nzaghachi sel SARS-CoV-2-kpọmkwem IFN-γ+ T tụrụ n'ụdị ọbara capillary na venous n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu, enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche n'ozuzu ya (P = 0.88; Mgbakwunye Fig. 6. ).).
SARS-CoV-2-kpọmkwem IFN-γ+ T cell nzaghachi abawanyela nke ukwuu na ndị ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa bụ ndị kọkwara ọrịa gara aga (P = 0.0001), mana ọ bụghị nke ukwuu karịa nke ndị nyere onyinye butere ọrịa mbụ (P = 0.19, Fig. 3a).).Nzaghachi IgG megide spike glycoprotein (RBD, S1, S2) dị elu nke ukwuu na ndị na-enye onyinye ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa karịa na ndị na-enyeghị ọgwụ mgbochi, n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ọrịa mbụ (Njirimara 3b-d).N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, nzaghachi N-bound IgG kachasị elu na ndị sonyere na mbụ butere ọgwụ mgbochi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-etinye ọgwụ mgbochi, n'agbanyeghị na nke a eruteghị uru (Nyocha 3e).N'ime ndị na-enye onyinye na-enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi na ndị na-enweghị ọrịa bụ ndị kwupụtara onwe ha, 15 nke 37 (40.5%) ndị na-ekere òkè dị mma maka N-njikọ IgG, n'elu ebe e guzobere na mbụ nke 2.0 BAU / mL14;Ndị sonyere iri na abụọ a iri na abụọ n'ime ndị ọrịa a nwalere ihe dị mma maka nzaghachi sel IFN-γ+ T n'elu ọnụ ụzọ emebere mbụ nke 22.7 pg/mL IFN-γ14.Ya mere, o yikarịrị ka ndị sonyere ndị a bubu ọrịa SARS-CoV-2 na anwaleghị ya maka COVID-19 n'ihi nhọrọ onwe onye, ​​enweghị PCR na/ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa na-asọpụta n'akụkụ, ma ọ bụ enweghị asymptomatic.Ọ bụ ezie na enwere njikọ dị ịrịba ama n'etiti nzaghachi T cell na ọkwa IFN-γ+ na N-njikọ IgG na ndị na-enye onyinye na-enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi (P = 0.0044; Ntụnye mgbakwunye, N-njikọ IgG nzaghachi gbadara ngwa ngwa karịa N-njikọ IgG nzaghachi, ebe IFN-γ + A na-edobe nzaghachi T cell n'agbanyeghị ọkwa ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-enye onyinye na izu 50 mgbe ihe ịma aka ga-adị ala (Mgbakwunye 8).Ụdị ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-adịkarị obere dị iche iche na nzaghachi IgG akọwapụtara kpọmkwem maka SARS-CoV-2, T. sel na RBD metụtara, ọ bụ ezie na ndị sonyere natara doses abụọ nke BNT162b2 sochiri mRNA1273 revaccination gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke sel IFN-γ + T nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na SARS-CoV-2 karịa ndị natara doses abụọ nke ChAdOx1 na BNT162b2 (Mgbakwunye). Fig. 9) Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-akọ nwere ntakịrị ọdịiche dị n'ozuzu na nzaghachi T cell a na-ahụ anya ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-enye onyinye ahụike (Mgbakwunye 10).
A tụlere nzaghachi sel SARS-CoV-2 akọwapụtara IFN-γ+ site na nyocha ọbara ọbara dum wee dabere na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ndị sonyere na ọnọdụ nje SARS-CoV-2 gara aga (nke PCR na/ma ọ bụ ule mpụta egosipụtara).'Vac + /Inf +' n = 42 (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), 'Vac + /Inf-' n = 158 (acha anụnụ anụnụ), 'Vac-/Inf +' n = 33 (edo edo), 'Vac- / Inf-' n = 37 (isi awọ).****P <0.0001, ***P = 0.0001, *(Vac+/Inf- vs. Vac-/Inf-) P = 0.045, *(Vac-/Inf+ vs. Vac- / Inf-) P = 0.014 .SARS-CoV-2 kpọmkwem mmeghachi omume njikọ nke IgG na ngalaba njikọ nnabata spike (“RBD”) (b; **** P <0.0001, ns: ọ bụghị ihe dị mkpa), spike subunit 1 (“S1”) (c; * *) ** P <0.0001, ns: ọ bụghị ihe dị ịrịba ama), spike subunit 2 ("S2″) (d; **** P <0.0001, *** P = 0.0005, * P = 0.016) na nucleocapsid ("N") (e; **** P <0.0001, ns abụghị ihe dị ịrịba ama) ka a tụrụ ya site na iji nyocha ọbara dum nke venous yana dabere na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ndị sonyere na tupu SARS-CoV-2 (nke PCR na / ma ọ bụ nyocha nke mpụta gosipụtara) kewara ọrịa site na. okwa.'Vac + /Inf +' n = 46 (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), 'Vac + /Inf-' n = 182 (acha anụnụ anụnụ), 'Vac-/Inf +' n = 34 (edo edo), 'Vac-/Inf-' n = 37 (isi awọ).A na-eji ule Kruskal-Wallis atụnyere atụnyere, emeziri maka ọtụtụ ntụnyere site na iji ule Dunn.Egosiri data a dị ka eserese (akara etiti na etiti, oke elu na 75th percentile, oke ala na 25th percentile) na whiskers na opekempe na ụkpụrụ kachasị.Ntụpọ ọ bụla na-anọchite anya onye nyere onyinye.A na-enye data raw n'ụdị faịlụ data raw.
Dị ka ọ dị na mbụ, a gwara ndị sonyere ka ha kọọ nsonaazụ PCR dị mma na/ma ọ bụ mpụta ọbara maka COVID-19;dị ka UK Health Agency si kwuo, a na-eche na ndị sonyere bu ọrịa Omicron coronavirus (B.1.1.529) n'oge a na-anwale ụdị nje dị mma, n'ihi na ọ bụ ụdị kachasị na UK n'oge ọmụmụ ihe.N'ime ndị nyere onyinye 299 bara uru, anyị hụrụ ọnụọgụ ọrịa nke 8.0% (24/299) n'ime ọnwa atọ nke onyinye capillary, asaa n'ime ha enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi.Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrịa n'etiti ndị niile sonyere dị ala na ndị nwalere ihe dị mma maka COVID-19 (10.7%) karịa ndị nwalere ihe ọjọọ maka COVID-19 (24.4%, Tebụl 1), nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ndị sonyere nwere ụfọdụ. ọrịa na-akpachapụ anya ma na-echebekwa ihe ndị nwere ike ịkpata ya dị ka ọrịa shuga na ọrịa kansa.Dị ka a hụrụ n'otu n'ime ọbara venous, SARS-CoV-2-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ) - sel T dị mma tụrụ n'ọbara capillary sitere n'aka ndị mmadụ na-ekwupụta nnwale nyocha dị mma maka COVID-19.Ọnụ ọgụgụ nzaghachi dị ala karịa nke ndị na-enye aka na-enweghị ọrịa (P = 0.034; Figure 4a) n'ihi mmetụ adịghị mma nke nzaghachi T cell site na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na / ma ọ bụ ọrịa tupu (Ntinye mgbakwunye 11).N'otu aka ahụ, ọ bụghị RBD-, S1-, S2-jide IgG nzaghachi (Figures 4b-d) ma ọ bụ RBD-, S1-neutralizing antibody nzaghachi kpọmkwem maka ụdị anụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ delta SARS-CoV-2 (B. 1.617).(Nkọwapụta nke 12).Enwere ike ịmata ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa.N'ụzọ dị iche na ndị otu venous, nzaghachi IgG metụtara N adịghịkwa iche na ihe ize ndụ COVID-19 (Nyocha 4e), na-atụ aro na ụdị Omicron (B.1.1.529) na-abawanye mgbapụta mgbochi na ndị butere mbụ, dị ka akọwara 21 na nso nso a. N'ụzọ dị iche, ike nke SARS-CoV-2-kpọmkwem nzaghachi cell IFN-γ T bụ ọzọ mgbanwe kachasị mkpa n'ịchọpụta ohere nke nnwale dị mma maka COVID-19 (Foto 4f).N'ozuzu, ndị sonyere nwere nzaghachi SARS-CoV-2 kpọmkwem capillary T-cell ≤23.7 pg/mL IFN-γ nwere ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa 14.9% n'ime ọnwa atọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nzaghachi> 141.6 pg/ml.ml IFN.-γ nwere ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa 4.4% (Table 2).
IFN-γ+ T cell nzaghachi kpọmkwem maka SARS-CoV-2 (a; * P = 0.034) na SARS-CoV-2 kpọmkwem IgG-ezubere iche maka nnabata nnabata ("RBD") (b), spike subunit 1 (' S1′) (c), spike subunit 2 ('S2′) (d) na nucleocapsid njikọ mmeghachi omume ('N') (e).Achọpụtara ndị sonyere dị ka ihe dị mma maka nnwale COVID-19 (PCR na/ma ọ bụ nnwale nrịba ọbara n'akụkụ), ọrịa niile mere n'ime ọnwa 3 nke nlele ọbara.E jiri ule ọdụdụ abụọ mee ihe atụ Mann-Whitney.Egosiri data a dị ka eserese (akara etiti na etiti, oke elu na 75th percentile, oke ala na 25th percentile) na whiskers na opekempe na ụkpụrụ kachasị.Ntụpọ ọ bụla na-anọchite anya onye nyere onyinye.ns adịghị mkpa.The heatmap f na-egosi ndakọrịta ọkwa Spearman n'etiti mgbanwe maka dataset akọwapụtara.E wepụrụ ntụnyere ndị na-abụghị ihe ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ na matriks ma were mkpụrụ ndụ oghere akara.A na-enye data raw n'ụdị faịlụ data raw.
Ka anyị na-abanye na ngalaba na-esote nke ọrịa COVID-19, a ga-elekwasị anya na mgbochi na njikwa ihe egwu nke onye ọ bụla yana ịchọpụta ndị otu na-adịghị ike.Ịmepụta njikọ nke mgbochi na COVID-19 dị oke mkpa iji chọpụta ma gwọọ otu ndị a nwere nnukwu ihe egwu.Enwere ihe akaebe na-abawanye ugbu a na mgbochi T-cell na-echebe megide ọrịa SARS-CoV-2 ma gbochie oke COVID-1910.Ihe omuma a gosiputara ebe a na-egosi na nchikota ike nke SARS-CoV-2-Specific IFN-γ+ T cell nzaghachi megide spike, akpụkpọ ahụ, na protein nucleocapsid na-enye nchebe ka ukwuu megide COVID-19 karịa mgbochi mgbochi mmadụ.19 na-akwalite ma ọ bụ wepụ azịza ya. .ma kwesiri iburu n'uche mgbe a na-enyocha ihe mgbochi nke onye na/ma ọ bụ ìgwè ehi.Nje virus RNA dị ka SARS-CoV-2 ma ọ bụ nje influenza A (IAV) na-ezere mkpochapụ nke serological site na-etolite ngwa ngwa ekpughere ekpughere mkpụrụ ndụ B n'elu antigens nke ọgwụ mgbochi chọpụtara.Nzaghachi nchebe nchebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ T na-enye nwere ike igosipụta nlebara anya nke epitopes sitere na mpaghara protein ndị echekwara nke na-enweghị ike ịgbanarị nzaghachi ngwa ngwa.Nchedo nke cell T megide ụdị ọhụrụ SARS-CoV-2 yiri nchebe heterosubtypic nke T cell na-eche nche nke protein dị n'ime echekwabara hụrụ na ụdị IAV22,23.
N'agbanyeghị nnukwu ikike iji tụọ nzaghachi mgbochi cellular na COVID-19, a na-elebara obere anya na mmepe nke nyocha T-cell ziri ezi, dị elu, ahaziri ahazi.Mgbagwoju anya ọdịnala na ọnụ ahịa jikọtara ya na nleta nzaghachi cell T na-egbochi mkpebi ziri ezi nke mgbochi T cell mgbe ị na-enyocha oke mgbochi mmadụ.Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nyocha mkpali peptide ọbara zuru ezu dị na nso nso a, onye ọ bụla chọrọ ugbu a onye phlebotomist iji nweta ọbara, na-egbochi nnweta na nha.A na-eji sistemu ọbara capillary eme ihe iji chọpụta mgbasa nke ọgwụ mgbochi SARS-CoV-2 na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.Anyị na-emegharị nyocha ọbara capillary iji mee nyocha mkpali peptide zuru oke iji nyochaa mmeghachi omume T cell na protein protein SARS-CoV-2 yana nzaghachi mgbochi SARS-CoV-2 kpọmkwem.N'ezie, nchikota nke SARS-CoV-2-kpọmkwem mgbochi mgbochi ọrịa na T cell na otu capillary ọbara sample bụ nnọọ mma: (i) ebelata mkpa nke otutu ọbara ule kwa onye so na, (ii) mma soò na ahụmahụ na nghọta;(iii) kwalite ngwa ngwa ma belata mkpụkọ abụọ, (iv) belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka obere ihe oriri ụlọ nyocha na nnyefe nlele achọrọ.Ọ bụ ezie na n'ozuzu IFN-γ reactivity yiri n'etiti venous venous na capillary samples, a hụrụ na ọ dị ala n'ime ọbara capillary nke ndị sonyere (Fig 4a) ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọbara ọbara venous (Fig 2a).Ụkpụrụ IFN-γ Enwere nkọwa dị iche iche maka nchọpụta a, ya bụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-eso ya nwere nsogbu ndị na-achọ ọgwụgwọ immunosuppressive na-ewebata n'ime ìgwè ndị na-ahụ maka ọbara capillary (Table 1) na Viability na / ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ T nwetara site na vaskụla vaskụla. samples nwere ike ịdị ala, karịsịa na-eburu n'uche ọnọdụ nke nchekwa ogologo oge nke ihe nlele tupu mkpali peptide.
Ogwu COVID-19 a na-enweta ugbu a na-enye nchebe kachasị mma megide ọrịa siri ike maka ọtụtụ ndị nnata n'ime ọnwa isii nke ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa8.N'ụzọ na-agba ume, n'agbanyeghị ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị mma kpatara serological nke SARS-CoV-26,7 dị iche iche, nzaghachi T-cell sitere na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa SARS-CoV-2 ụdị anụ ọhịa nọgidere na-emeghachi omume nke ukwuu, ka mmadụ 25 ndị ​​ọzọ pụtara.Ihe data anyị na-egosi ebe a na-egosi mkpa ọ dị ntule sara mbara nke immunogenicity ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, na-akọwapụta ọgwụ mgbochi na-ezughị oke mgbochi T-cell iji gbochie ọrịa mberede na mbufe nje na-adịgide adịgide.Anyị chọpụtakwara na ọtụtụ ndị a na-enyeghị ọgwụ mgbochi ewebata n'òtù capillary nwere nzaghachi dị ịrịba ama nke sel SARS-CoV-2-kpọmkwem T (na N-binding IgG) n'agbanyeghị ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi gara aga, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọrịa gara aga.Kama ịgba ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ekwesịrị ịtụle ihe ize ndụ ha nwere ibute ọrịa dabere na ọkwa ọgwụ mgbochi ha ugbu a yana nhọrọ ndị amapụtara.
Mmachi nke ọmụmụ a gụnyere mmesi obi ike na ndị sonyere na-akọpụta onwe ha ọrịa SARS-CoV-2 mgbe nchịkọta ọbara gachara iji chọpụta mkpa mgbochi;ụfọdụ ndị sonyere nwere ike nwee ọrịa asymptomatic ma ha enweghị ike ị nweta PCR na/ma ọ bụ nnwale mpụta maka COVID-19.Nchịkọta data anyị enweghị ozi gbasara ọgwụ ndị sonyere n'oge nlele ọbara.Na mgbakwunye, enyere na ndị niile sonyere anyị gosipụtara naanị mgbaàmà dị nro ma ọ bụ enweghị akara, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịchọpụta nzaghachi mgbochi site na data data anyị nke buru amụma ihe egwu dị ukwuu nke ọrịa siri ike na ụlọ ọgwụ maka COVID-19.Agbanyeghị, ọnụnọ nke nzaghachi cell CD8+ T megide epitopes kpọmkwem nucleocapsid ejikọtawo na nso nso a na nchebe megide ajọ COVID-1926.Na mgbakwunye, nyocha ejiri ebe a atụtaghị nzaghachi T cell na-akọwapụta protein ndị na-abụghị nke SARS-CoV-2 nke egosipụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ka ha na-agbakọta na ndị ọrụ ahụike seronegative bụ ndị kpọtụrụ ndị ọrịa butere.Dabere na ọrụ a, n'ihi mgbasa mgbasa ozi obodo n'oge ndị ọrụ na ohere dị ukwuu nke ibute ọrịa na ndị mmadụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sel SARS-CoV-2 akọwapụtara na nnwale anyị na-egosikwa na ha nwere ike iwepụ.ọrịa subclinical na ngalaba anyị.N'ikpeazụ, anyị atụleghị mmepụta interleukin 2 site na mkpụrụ ndụ T n'ihi na ọrụ anyị gara aga gosipụtara njirimara na-adịghị mma nke nzaghachi T-cell SARS-CoV-214, ọ bụ ezie na nzaghachi IL-2 nwere ike igosi mmeghachi omume cross-reactivity.sel jikọtara ya na nchekwa megide ọrịa SARS-CoV-211.
N'ịchịkọta ọnụ, data ndị a na-egosipụta mkpa dị mkpa maka ọmụmụ ogologo ogologo oge nke na-agụnye nzaghachi T cell SARS-CoV-2 kpọmkwem n'ime usoro nke mgbochi ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.Mgbalị ndị a nwere ike inye aka site na mmepe nke nyocha ọbara ọhụrụ nke na-atụ nzaghachi T-cell.
Ọrụ nyocha ahụ wetara ndị sonyere na February 2021 ruo Machị 2022. Otu ndị nyere onyinye ahụike (n = 148) bụ ndị nyere onyinye ọbara venous gụnyere ndị ọrụ mahadum na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nyocha COVID-19 nke Mahadum Cardiff ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị dị na Cardiff.Ndị niile so na ya nwere ahụike ọzọ ma ha akọpụtaghị ịta ọgwụ mgbochi ọ bụla (lee Tebụl 1 maka njirimara).Otu ndị sonyere nyere onyinye ọbara capillary gụnyere ndị niile nyere onyinye afọ ofufo (ndị gbara afọ 18+) si n'ofe UK.N'agbata Jenụwarị 24 na Machị 14, 2022, ndị sonyere 342 debanyere aha na ọmụmụ ihe, ndị 299 nyefere nlele ọbara na ụlọ nyocha.Ọtụtụ ndị sonyere na-enwetaghị ọgwụ mgbochi yana/ma ọ bụ kọwapụta nnukwu nsogbu, gụnyere ọrịa autoimmune na ọrịa kansa (lee Tebụl 1 maka njirimara).Ọmụmụ ihe a nwetara nkwado ụkpụrụ omume site na Newcastle na North Tyneside 2 Research Ethics Committee (ID IRAS: 294246) na Cardiff University School of Medicine Research Ethics Committee (SREC ref: SMREC 21/01).Ndị niile sonyere nyere nkwenye ederede tupu etinye ya.Ndị sonyere enwetaghị ụgwọ ọ bụla maka isonye na ọmụmụ ihe a.
E nwetara ihe nlele ọbara venous site na venipuncture n'ime 6 ma ọ bụ 10 ml lithium ma ọ bụ sodium heparin vacutainers (BD).A na-eji mkpịsị aka nweta ihe nlele ọbara capillary wee kpokọta ya na microcontainer heparin (BD).Opekempe nke 400 µl ọbara ka achọrọ;A ga-ajụ ihe nlele ọ bụla na-erughị ego a.Ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara ịjụ ihe atụ gụnyere oke coagulation na / ma ọ bụ hemolysis na ọdịda ịchịkọta plasma viscous maka nyocha (Fig 5).Ngụkọta nke 299 capillary samples dị maka inyocha nzaghachi mgbochi mmadụ, nke 270 n'ime ha dịkwa maka ịlele nzaghachi cell T.
A na-enyocha nzaghachi sel SARS-CoV-2 kpọmkwem site na iji COVID-19 Immuno-T assay (ImmunoServ Ltd) wee mee dị ka akọwara na mbụ14.Na nkenke, otu 6 ml ma ọ bụ 10 ml sodium heparin (BD) vacutainer venous ka ewepụtara n'aka onye ọ bụla so na ya wee hazie ya na ụlọ nyocha n'ime awa 12 nke nchịkọta ọbara.Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahazi ọtụtụ ụdị n'ime awa 24, otu 400-600 μl heparinized microbleeding (BD) ọbara ka a na-anakọta n'ime awa 48 nke nlele mkpịsị aka.A kpaliri nlele ọbara venous na/ma ọ bụ capillary site na ọdọ mmiri peptide dị iche iche maka SARS-CoV-2 (ụdị ụdị anụ ọhịa) dị ka akọwara na mbụ14.Ọbá akwụkwọ peptide a nwere usoro 420 15-mer nwere amino acid 11 na-ekpuchi ekpuchi protein protein (S1 na S2) (S; protein NCBI: QHD43416 1), nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (NP; protein NCBI: QHD43423 2) na membrane glycoprotein. ; Protein NCBI: QHD43419 1) usoro ntinye akwụkwọ (nke a na-akpọ "S-/NP-/M-combinatorial peptide Library").A na-asachapụ peptides niile ruo> 70%, gbazere na mmiri na-adịghị mma ma jiri ya mee ihe na njedebe ikpeazụ nke 0.5 μg / ml kwa peptide.A na-etinye ihe nlele ahụ na 37 Celsius C maka awa 20-24.A na-agbanye akpa ahụ na 5000 × g maka nkeji 3 na ~ 150 µl nke plasma na-anakọta n'elu nke ọbara ọ bụla.Chekwaa ihe nlele plasma na -20ºC ruo otu ọnwa tupu ịme nyocha nchọpụta cytokine/antibody.
A tụrụ IFN-γ site na iji IFN-γ ELISA MAX Deluxe Set (BioLegend, nọmba katalọgụ 430116) wee rụọ ya dịka ntuziaka onye nrụpụta siri dị.Ozugbo agbakwunyere ngwọta nkwụsị (2N H2SO4), a na-agụ microplate na 450 nm site na iji BioLegend Mini ELISA plate reader.Agụpụtara IFN-γ site na mkpịpụta mgbanaka ọkọlọtọ site na iji GraphPad Prism.Edere ụkpụrụ dị n'okpuru njedebe nchọpụta dị ala dị ka 7.8 pg / ml, e dekọrọ ụkpụrụ dị n'elu njedebe nchọpụta dị elu dị ka 1000 pg / ml.
A tụrụ ọgwụ mgbochi SARS-CoV-2 RBD/S1/S2/N IgG site na iji Bio-Plex Pro Human IgG SARS-CoV-2 4-plex panel (Bio-Rad, cat. no. 12014634) wee kpọọ ya dị ka si kwuo. ntuziaka onye nrụpụta .ntuziaka .Atụlegharịrị ụkpụrụ ndekọ ọnụ ahịa nke dị n'elu oke ọnụ na 1:1000 dilution.A tụrụ nkezi ọkụ ọkụ nke beads na ngwa Bio-Plex 200 (Bio-Rad).A gbakọrọ mkpokọta mgbochi mmadụ site na VIROTROL SARS-CoV-2 otu njikwa nyocha (Bio-Rad) wee tụgharịa gaa na WHO/NIBSC 20/136 International Reference Standard Units (BAU/mL) site na iji ihe nrụpụta nke onye nrụpụta.
RBD na S1 subunit-kpọmkwem mgbochi mgbochi mgbochi megide SARS-CoV-2 ụdị anụ ọhịa na delta (B.1.617) SARS-CoV-2 ahịrị ka a tụrụ site na iji Bio-Plex Pro Human SARS-CoV-2 Variant Neutralization Antibody Kit (Bio) -Rad, akụkụ nke 12016897), dị ka ntuziaka onye nrụpụta si dị.Tulee nkezi fluorescence ike na Bio-Plex 200 (Bio-Rad) wee gbakọọ mgbochi pasent (ya bụ, neutralization) site na iji usoro a:
Emere nnwale mwepụ na-efe efe maka SARS-CoV-2 dị ka akọwara na mbụ28.Na nkenke, 600 PFU nke ụdị anụ ọhịa SARS-CoV-2 ka ejiri mmiri plasma okpukpu atọ mee ihe na oyiri maka elekere 1 na 37 Celsius.A na-agbakwunye ngwakọta ahụ na sel VeroE6 maka awa 48.A na-edozi monolayers na 4% paraformaldehyde, mebere ya na 0.5% NP-40 wee tinye ya maka elekere 1 n'ime mgbochi mgbochi (PBS nwere 0.1% tween na 3% mmiri ara ehi amịpụtara).Agbakwunyere mgbochi mbụ (anti-nucleocapsid 1C7, Stratech) na mgbochi mgbochi maka elekere 1 n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ.Mgbe ịsachara, agbakwunyere mgbochi nke abụọ (mgbochi òké IgG-HRP, Pierce) na mgbochi mgbochi maka elekere 1.A na-asa ndị monolayers, mepụta ya site na iji Sigmafast OPD wee gụọ na onye na-agụ efere Clariostar Omega.Wells na-enweghị nje, na-enweghị nje ma na-enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, na sera nkịtị na-egosi ọrụ etiti ka etinyere na nnwale ọ bụla dị ka njikwa.
Emere nyocha ndekọ aha na GraphPad Prism (ụdị 9.4.1).Ejiri nyocha Shapiro-Wilk nwale ịdị mma nke nhazi data.Eji njirisi na-abụghị parametric mee ihe maka ntụnyere niile.A na-eji ule Mann-Whitney mee ihe maka nlele enweghị ọnụ.Nnwale niile nwere akụkụ abụọ nwere ọnụ ụzọ dị mkpa nke P ≤ 0.05.
Emere nyocha nyocha izizi nke dataset na R (ụdị 4.0.3).Nke a gụnyere mmepe nke Spearman's univariate rank correlation matrix, ebe njikọ dị n'etiti mgbanwe abụọ na-anọchi anya nha na agba nke square.A na-agbakọ mkpa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'etiti mkpakọrịta site na iji Spearman's rho, ebe a na-ahụta ụkpụrụ ≤0.05 dị mkpa.E wepụrụ ntụnyere ndị na-abụghị ihe ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ na matriks ma were mkpụrụ ndụ oghere akara.A na-ahazi ụkpụrụ P maka ọtụtụ ntụnyere site na iji mgbazi Holm.Ejiri ụdị ngbanwe logistic ọnụọgụ abụọ iji mee ka mmetụta nke mgbanwe dị na dataset na nzaghachi dị mma na COVID-19.Nzaghachi cell IFN-γ T na mgbochi RBD/S1/S2/N IgG titer scores gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ihe, ebe e kenyere onye ọ bụla na quartile kwesịrị ekwesị maka akara ọ bụla.Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, e mepụtara ụdị nyocha mbụ site na iji ọrụ glm na ngwugwu ọnụ ọgụgụ (V4.0.3).Ewepụtara oke ọgbaghara ndị sitere na ụdị mbụ a sitere na ọnụọgụ nke ihe nlereanya ahụ site na iji ọrụ 'odds_plot' na ngwugwu OddsPlotty (V1.0.2).Mgbe ị na-emepụta ihe nrịbama nke cross-validation, anyị na-eji ọrụ "bestglm" sitere na ngwugwu bestglm (V0.37.3) na-amachi mkparị onye ọrụ ma hụ na enwere ike ịhọrọ akụkụ kachasị mma nke ndị amụma.Usoro ahọpụtara bụ "na-agwụ ike" yana akara ozi ejiri chọpụta ihe dabara adaba bụ AIC.A na-eji otu usoro ọrụ akọwara n'elu iji nweta oke ọgbaghara.
Maka ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara nhazi ọmụmụ, hụ ihe ọmụmụ ihe okike jikọtara na edemede a.
Akwụkwọ ozi na arịrịọ maka ihe kwesịrị ka eduzi Dr. Martin Scarr ma ọ bụ Prọfesọ Andrew Godkin.Edemede a na-enye data izizi.
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