321 igwe anaghị agba nchara mkpuchi tube kemịkalụ akụrụngwa akụrụngwa na omume corrosion nke igwe anaghị agba nchara duplex nwere elektrọd ọhụrụ.

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Igwe anaghị agba nchara 321 Coil Tube Chemical Composition

Ngwakọta kemịkalụ nke 321 igwe anaghị agba nchara tubing bụ ndị a:
- Carbon: 0.08% kacha
Manganese: 2.00% kacha
- Nickel: 9.00% nkeji

Njirimara igwe anaghị agba nchara 321 Coil Tube Mechanical Properties

Dị ka igwe anaghị agba nchara 321 Coil Tube Manufacturer, a na-edobe ihe eji arụ ọrụ igwe anaghị agba nchara 321 igwe anaghị agba nchara n'okpuru: Ike ike (psi) Ike Mpụta (psi) elongation (%)

Ngwa & ojiji nke igwe anaghị agba nchara 321 Coil Tube

N'ọtụtụ ngwa injinia, akụrụngwa na ihe corrosion nke igwe anaghị agba nchara duplex (DSS) bụ ihe kacha mkpa.Ọmụmụ ihe a na-eme ugbu a nyochara akụrụngwa akụrụngwa na nguzogide corrosion nke igwe anaghị agba nchara duplex na gburugburu na-eme ka 3.5% NaCl na-eji elektrọd ọhụrụ emebere nke ọma na-enweghị mgbakwunye nke ihe ndị na-ekekọta ihe na nlegharị anya.A na-eji ụdị fluxes abụọ dị iche iche nwere ndeksi bụ isi nke 2.40 na 0.40 na electrodes E1 na E2 maka ịgbado bọọdụ DSS, n'otu n'otu.A tụlere nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ nke ihe mejupụtara flux site na iji nyocha thermogravimetric.A na-enyocha ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ yana akụrụngwa na ihe corrosion nke nkwonkwo welded site na iji spectroscopy emission dabere na ụkpụrụ ASTM dị iche iche.A na-eji diffraction X-ray chọpụta usoro dị na welds DSS, a na-eji nyocha eletrọn na EDS nyochaa microstructure nke welds.Ike ike nke nkwonkwo welded nke E1 electrodes mere dị n'ime 715-732 MPa, site na E2 electrodes - 606-687 MPa.A na-abawanye ugbu a ịgbado ọkụ site na 90 A ruo 110 A, na ike amụbawokwa.Njikọ welded na E1 electrodes kpuchie na isi fluxes nwere mma n'ibu Njirimara.Ọdịdị ígwè ahụ nwere nguzogide corrosion dị elu na gburugburu 3.5% NaCl.Nke a na-akwado ịrụ ọrụ nke nkwonkwo welded ejiri elektrọd emepụtara ọhụrụ eme.A na-atụle nsonaazụ ya na njedebe nke ihe ndị na-eme ka alloying dị ka Cr na Mo hụrụ na welds na electrodes mkpuchi E1 na E2, na ntọhapụ nke Cr2N na welds mere site na iji electrodes E1 na E2.
N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, aha mbụ gọọmentị kwuru banyere igwe anaghị agba nchara duplex (DSS) malitere na 1927, mgbe ejiri ya naanị maka ihe nkedo ụfọdụ na ejighị ya na ọtụtụ ngwa teknụzụ n'ihi nnukwu carbon ọdịnaya1.Ma emesịa, e belatara ọkọlọtọ carbon ọdịnaya ka ọ bụrụ uru kachasị elu nke 0.03%, a na-eji ígwè ndị a eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche2,3.DSS bụ ezinụlọ nwere alloys nwere nha nha nha nha nke ferrite na austenite.Nnyocha egosiwo na usoro ferritic na DSS na-enye nchebe dị mma megide chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC), bụ okwu dị mkpa maka austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara (ASS) na narị afọ nke 20.N'aka nke ọzọ, na ụfọdụ injinia na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ4 chọrọ nchekwa na-eto eto na ọnụego ruru 20% kwa afọ.Enwere ike nweta nchara ọhụrụ a nwere usoro austenitic-ferritic nke nwere akụkụ abụọ site na nhọrọ mejupụtara kwesịrị ekwesị, ncha anụ ahụ-kemịkalụ na thermomechanical.E jiri ya tụnyere igwe anaghị agba nchara otu oge, DSS nwere ike mkpụrụ dị elu na ikike dị elu iji guzogide SCC5, 6, 7, 8. Ọdịdị duplex na-enye ígwè ndị a na-enweghị atụ ike, siri ike na ụbara nguzogide corrosion na gburugburu ebe ike ike nwere acid, acid chlorides, mmiri osimiri na kemịkalụ na-emebi emebi9.N'ihi mgbanwe ọnụ ahịa nke nickel (Ni) kwa afọ n'ahịa izugbe, usoro DSS, ọkachasị ụdị nickel dị ala (lean DSS), enwetala ọtụtụ ihe pụtara ìhè ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihu etiti cubic (FCC) iron10, 11. Isi. Nsogbu nke atụmatụ ASE bụ na a na-edobe ha n'ọnọdụ siri ike dị iche iche.Ya mere, dị iche iche engineering ngalaba na ụlọ ọrụ na-agbalị ịkwalite ọzọ ala nickel (Ni) igwe anaghị agba nchara na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma ọ bụ mma karịa omenala ASS na kwesịrị weldability na-eji na ulo oru ngwa dị ka oké osimiri okpomọkụ Exchangers na chemical ụlọ ọrụ.akpa 13 maka gburugburu ebe nwere nnukwu chlorides.
Na ọganihu nkà na ụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, mmepụta welded na-ekere òkè dị mkpa.Dịka, ndị otu DSS na-arụ ọrụ na-ejikọta ya site na ịgbado ọkụ gas kpuchie ma ọ bụ ịgbado ọkụ gas.A na-emetụta weld nke ọma site na nhazi nke electrode ejiri maka ịgbado ọkụ.Welding electrodes nwere akụkụ abụọ: metal na flux.Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ekpuchi electrodes na flux, ngwakọta nke ọla ndị, mgbe e mebiri emebi, na-ahapụ gas ma na-emepụta slag nchebe iji chebe weld site na mmetọ, na-eme ka nkwụsi ike nke arc ahụ dịkwuo elu, ma gbakwunye ihe alloying iji melite ogo ịgbado ọkụ14. .Ihe nkedo, aluminom, igwe anaghị agba nchara, nchara dị nro, nchara dị elu, ọla kọpa, brass, na ọla bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ọla electrode na-agbado ọkụ, ebe cellulose, ntụ ntụ, na hydrogen bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị e ji agbado.Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-agbakwunye sodium, titanium na potassium na ngwakọta flux.
Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta agbalịwo ịmụpụta mmetụta nke nhazi electrode na nhazi na corrosion nke nchara nchara.Singh et al.15 nyochara mmetụta nke ihe mejupụtara flux na elongation na ike tensile nke welds agbadoro site na ịgbado ọkụ n'okpuru mmiri.Nsonaazụ gosiri na CaF2 na NiO bụ isi ihe na-ekpebi ike ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnụnọ FeMn.Chirag et al.16 nyochara ogige SMAW site n'ịgbanwe ntinye nke rutile (TiO2) na ngwakọta electrode flux.Achọpụtara na njirimara nke microhardness mụbara n'ihi mmụba na pasent na mbugharị nke carbon na silicon.Kumar [17] mụtara imewe na mmepe nke agglomerated fluxes maka n'ime mmiri welding nke ígwè mpempe akwụkwọ.Nwigbo na Atuanya18 nyochara ojiji nke potassium silicate nke nwere potassium maka mmepụta nke mgbado ọkụ arc wee chọta welds nwere nnukwu ike ike nke 430 MPa na usoro ọka a na-anabata.Lothongkum et al.19 jiri usoro potentiokinetic mee ihe iji mụọ ọnụọgụ olu nke austenite na igwe anaghị agba nchara 28Cr-7Ni-O-0.34N na ngwọta NaCl jupụtara na ikuku na ntinye nke 3.5% wt.n'okpuru ọnọdụ pH.na 27 Celsius C.Ma duplex na micro duplex igwe anaghị agba nchara na-egosi otu mmetụta nitrogen na omume corrosion.Nitrogen emetụtaghị ikike nke corrosion ma ọ bụ ọnụego na pH 7 na 10, Otú ọ dị, ikike nke corrosion na pH 10 dị ala karịa na pH 7. N'aka nke ọzọ, na ọkwa pH niile a na-amụ, ikike ahụ malitere ịba ụba na ụba nitrogen ọdịnaya. .Lacerda et al.20 mụrụ pitting nke igwe anaghị agba nchara duplex UNS S31803 na UNS S32304 na 3.5% NaCl ngwọta na-eji cyclic potentiodynamic polarization.Na ngwọta 3.5 wt.% nke NaCl, a chọtara akara nke pitting na efere ígwè abụọ a nyochara.UNS S31803 ígwè nwere ikike corrosion dị elu (Ecorr), ikike pitting (Epit) na nguzogide polarization (Rp) karịa UNS S32304 ígwè.UNS S31803 ígwè nwere elu repassivity karịa UNS S32304 ígwè.Dị ka nnyocha Jiang et al.[21], ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nrụgharị kwekọrọ na nkeji abụọ (austenite na ferrite) nke igwe anaghị agba nchara duplex gụnyere ihe ruru 65% nke ihe mejupụtara ferrite, na njupụta nke ferrite ugbu a na-abawanye na oge ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ na-abawanye.A maara nke ọma na usoro austenitic na ferritic na-egosipụta mmeghachi omume electrochemical dị iche iche na ikike electrochemical dị iche iche21,22,23,24.Abdo et al.25 jiri ihe nlere anya nke ike nke polarization spectroscopy na electrochemical impedance spectroscopy na-amụ maka electrochemically induced corrosion nke laser-welded 2205 DSS alloy na mmiri mmiri artificial (3.5% NaCl) n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche nke acidity na alkalinity.Ahụrụ nrụrụ aka n'elu ekpughere nke ụdị DSS nwalere.Dabere na nchoputa ndị a, e guzobere na e nwere oke mmekọrịta n'etiti pH nke dissolving-ajụ na nguzogide nke ihe nkiri kpụrụ na usoro nke ụgwọ nyefe, nke na-emetụta kpọmkwem guzobe pitting na nkọwa ya.Ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ a bụ ịghọta ka ihe mejupụtara electrode ịgbado ọkụ emepụtara ọhụrụ si emetụta n'ike na ike na-eguzogide ike nke welded DSS 2205 na gburugburu 3.5% NaCl.
The flux minerals (ngwá ihe) eji na electrode mkpuchi formulations bụ Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) si Obajana District, Kogi State, Nigeria, Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) si Taraba State, Nigeria, Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), Talc ntụ ntụ (Mg3Si4O10 (OH). )) 2) na rutile (TiO2) nwetara site na Jos, Nigeria, na kaolin (Al2 (OH) 4Si2O5) nwetara site na Kankara, Katsina State, Nigeria.A na-eji Potassium silicate mee ihe dị ka ihe nkedo, a na-enweta ya site na India.
Dị ka egosiri na Tebụl 1, a tụlere oxides ndị mejupụtara n'onwe ha na nguzozi dijitalụ.A na-agwakọta ya na ihe nkedo potassium silicate (23% n'ịdị arọ) na igwe eletrik eletrik (ihe nlereanya: 641-048) sitere na India Steel and Wire Products Ltd. (ISWP) maka nkeji 30 iji nweta ihe ntanye nke ọkara siri ike.A na-agbanye mmiri agwakọta mmiri ahụ n'ime ọdịdị cylindrical site na igwe briquetting wee tinye ya n'ime ụlọ extrusion na nrụgide nke 80 ruo 100 kg / cm2, na site na ụlọ nri waya na-enye nri n'ime 3.15mm dayameta igwe anaghị agba nchara.A na-enyefe mmiri ahụ site na sistemu nozulu/anwụ anwụ wee gbanye ya n'ime extruder ka extrude electrodes.A na-enweta ihe mkpuchi nke 1.70 mm, ebe a na-akọwapụta ihe mkpuchi dị ka ọnụọgụ nke electrode na dayameta eriri.Mgbe ahụ, a na-akpọnwụ electrodes ndị ahụ mkpuchi na ikuku maka awa 24 wee kpochaa ya na ọkụ muffle (ihe nlereanya PH-248-0571 / 5448) na 150-250 ° C \ (- \) maka awa 2.Jiri nha anya iji gbakọọ alkalinity nke eruba.(1) 26;
A na-ekpebi nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ nke ihe atụ nke ihe mejupụtara E1 na E2 site na iji nyocha thermogravimetric (TGA).A na-etinye ihe nlele nke ihe dịka 25.33 mg nke flux na TGA maka nyocha.Emere nnwale ndị ahụ na usoro inert enwetara site na ntinye N2 na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego 60 ml / min.Ihe nlele ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ site na 30 ° C ruo 1000 ° C na ọkụ ọkụ nke 10 ° C / min.N'ịgbaso ụzọ ndị Wang et al.27 kwuru, Xu et al.28 na Dagwa et al.29, a na-enyocha nrụrụ okpomọkụ na ịdị arọ nke ihe nlele na ụfọdụ okpomọkụ site na atụmatụ TGA.
Hazie efere DSS abụọ 300 x 60 x 6 mm iji kwado maka ire ere.Emebere V-groove na oghere mgbọrọgwụ 3mm, oghere mgbọrọgwụ 2mm na akụkụ uzo 60º.A na-asacha efere ahụ na acetone iji wepụ ihe ndị nwere ike imerụ ya.Weld efere ndị ahụ na-eji ihe mkpuchi ọla arc (SMAW) nke nwere electrode positive polarity (DCEP) dị ugbu a site na iji electrodes mkpuchi (E1 na E2) na electrode ntụaka (C) nwere dayameta nke 3.15 mm.Ejiri igwe na-agbapụta ọkụ eletrik (EDM) (Nlereanya: Excetek-V400) mee ihe n'ụdị igwe welded maka nnwale igwe na njirimara corrosion.Tebụl 2 na-egosi koodu ihe atụ na nkọwa ya, na Tebụl 3 na-egosikwa parampat arụ ọrụ ịgbado ọkụ dị iche iche eji agbado bọọdụ DSS.A na-eji nha (2) gbakọọ ntinye ọkụ kwekọrọ.
Iji Bruker Q8 MAGELLAN optical emission spectrometer (OES) nke nwere ogologo ogologo nke 110 ruo 800 nm na sọftụwia nchekwa data SQL, a na-ekpebi ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke nkwonkwo weld nke electrodes E1, E2 na C, yana ihe atụ nke metal ntọala.na-eji oghere dị n'etiti electrode na ihe nlere igwe n'okpuru ule Na-emepụta ike eletrik n'ụdị ọkụ.A na-ekpochapụ ihe nlere nke ihe ndị ahụ wee fesa ya, a na-esochi mkpali atọm, nke mechaa wepụta otu ahịrị spectrum31.Maka nyocha nke qualitative nke ihe nlele ahụ, tube photomultiplier na-atụle ọnụnọ nke ihe dị iche iche raara onwe ya nye maka ihe ọ bụla, yana ike nke ụdịdị ahụ.Wee were nhata ahụ gbakọọ nọmba nguzogide pitting (PREN).(3) Ratio 32 na WRC 1992 ala eserese na-eji gbakọọ chromium na nickel dakọrọ (Creq na Nieq) site na nha anya.(4) na (5) bụ 33 na 34 n'otu n'otu;
Rịba ama na PREN na-eburu n'uche mmetụta dị mma nke isi ihe atọ Cr, Mo na N, ebe nitrogen factor x dị na 16-30.A na-ahọrọ x na ndepụta nke 16, 20, ma ọ bụ 30. Na nyocha na duplex igwe anaghị agba nchara, ihe etiti uru nke 20 na-ejikarị gbakọọ ụkpụrụ PREN35,36.
A nwalere nkwonkwo welded site na iji electrodes dị iche iche na igwe nyocha nke ụwa (Instron 8800 UTM) n'ogo nke 0.5 mm / min dịka ASTM E8-21 siri dị.Ike tensile (UTS), 0.2% shiee mkpụrụ ike (YS), na elongation gbakọrọ dị ka ASTM E8-2137.
DSS 2205 weld bụ nke mbụ n'ala ma na-egbu maramara site na iji nha grit dị iche iche (120, 220, 320, 400, 600, 800, 1000 na 1200) tupu nyocha nke ike.A na-eji electrodes E1, E2 na C mee ihe atụ welded. A na-atụ ike ike na isi iri (10) site na etiti nke weld ruo n'ala ala na etiti nke 1 mm.
X-ray diffractometer (D8 Discover, Bruker, Germany) ahaziri ya na Bruker XRD Commander software maka nchịkọta data na Fe-filtered Cu-K-radiation na ike nke 8.04 keV kwekọrọ na ogologo ogologo nke 1.5406 Å na nyocha nyocha nke 3. ° Scan range (2θ) min-1 bụ 38 ruo 103° maka nyocha nke oge yana E1, E2 na C na BM electrodes dị na welds DSS.Eji usoro nnụcha Rietveld wepụta usoro ihe mejupụtara ya site na iji ngwanrọ MAUD nke Lutterotti39 kọwara.Dabere na ASTM E1245-03, a na-eme nyocha metallographic quantitative nke onyonyo microscopic nke nkwonkwo weld nke electrodes E1, E2 na C site na iji ngwa J40 Image.Nsonaazụ nke ịgbakọ akụkụ nke olu nke usoro ferrite-austenitic, nkezi uru ha na ndịiche dị na tebụl.5. Dị ka e gosiri na nhazi nhazi na fig.6d, nyocha nke anya microscopy (OM) mere na PM na nkwonkwo welded na electrodes E1 na E2 iji mụọ morphology nke ihe atụ.Ejiri akwụkwọ ájá 120, 220, 320, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1500, na 2000 grit silicon carbide (SiC) gbuchapụ ihe atụ ahụ.A na-etinye ihe nlele ahụ n'ụzọ electrolytically na 10% aqueous oxalic acid solution na ụlọ okpomọkụ na voltaji nke 5 V maka 10 s wee tinye na LEICA DM 2500 M microscope anya maka njirimara ọdịdị ọdịdị.Emere ihe nlele ọzọ site na iji akwụkwọ 2500 grit silicon carbide (SiC) maka nyocha SEM-BSE.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-enyocha nkwonkwo welded maka microstructure site na iji ihe nyocha nke eletrọnịkị eletrọnịkị (SEM) (FEI NOVA NANOSEM 430, USA) nwere EMF.A na-eji ihe atụ nke 20 × 10 × 6 mm na-eji ihe dị iche iche SiC sandpapers sitere na 120 ruo 2500. A na-etinye ihe nlele ahụ na electrolytically na 40 g nke NaOH na 100 ml nke mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na voltaji nke 5 V maka 15 s, na mgbe ahụ. etinyere na ihe njide ihe nlele, nke dị na ụlọ SEM, maka nyocha ihe nlele mgbe ejiri nitrogen sachaa ụlọ ahụ.Igwe ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta site na tungsten filament na-ekpo ọkụ na-emepụta grating na nlele ahụ iji mepụta ihe oyiyi dị iche iche, na EMF arụpụtala site na iji ụzọ nke Roche et al.41 na Mokobi 42 .
A na-eji usoro polarization electrochemical potentiodynamic dị ka ASTM G59-9743 na ASTM G5-1444 iji nyochaa ikike mmebi nke efere DSS 2205 nke ejiri E1, E2 na C electrodes welded na gburugburu 3.5% NaCl.Ejiri ngwa Potentiostat-Galvanostat/ZRA na-achịkwa kọmputa (ụdị: PC4/750, Gamry Instruments, USA).Emere ule kemịkalụ n'usoro nnwale electrode atọ: DSS 2205 dị ka electrode na-arụ ọrụ, saturated calomel electrode (SCE) dị ka electrode ntụaka na mkpanaka graphite dị ka counter electrode.A na-eme nha ahụ site na iji cell electrochemical, nke mpaghara ihe ngwọta bụ mpaghara nke electrode na-arụ ọrụ 0.78 cm2.Emere ihe nlere n'etiti -1.0 V ruo +1.6 V nwere ike na OCP kwụsiri ike (ihe metụtara OCP) na ọnụego nyocha nke 1.0 mV/s.
Electrochemical pitting dị oke egwu ule ule okpomọkụ na 3.5% NaCl iji nyochaa nkwụsi ike nke welds mere na E1, E2, na C electrodes.n'ụzọ doro anya na pitting ike na PB (n'etiti passive na transpassive mpaghara), na welded ụdị na E1, E2, Electrodes C. Ya mere, CPT nha na-rụrụ iji n'ụzọ ziri ezi chọpụta pitting ike nke ịgbado ọkụ consumables.Emere ule CPT dabere na akụkọ duplex igwe anaghị agba nchara weld report45 na ASTM G150-1846.Site na nke ọ bụla n'ime ígwè ndị a ga-agbado (S-110A, E1-110A, E2-90A), a na-egbutu ihe atụ nwere mpaghara 1 cm2, gụnyere isi, weld, na mpaghara HAZ.Ejiri akwụkwọ aja na 1 µm alumina ntụ ntụ slurry kpochapụrụ ihe atụ ndị a dịka usoro nkwadebe ihe atụ metallographic ọkọlọtọ.Mgbe emechara, a na-ehichapụ ihe nlele ahụ na ultrasonically na acetone maka 2 min.A gbakwunyere ngwọta nyocha 3.5% NaCl na cell test CPT wee gbanwee okpomọkụ mbụ ka ọ bụrụ 25 Celsius site na iji thermostat (Neslab RTE-111).Mgbe ị rutere na ule nyocha mbụ nke 25 ° C, a na-afụ Ar gas maka 15 min, mgbe ahụ, a na-etinye ihe nlele ahụ na cell, ma tụọ OCF maka 15 min.A na-atụgharị ihe nlele ahụ site na itinye voltaji nke 0.3 V na okpomọkụ mbụ nke 25 Celsius, ma tụọ ugbu a maka 10 min45.Malite ikpo ọkụ ngwọta na ọnụego 1 Celsius C / min ruo 50 Celsius.N'oge ikpo ọkụ nke ngwọta ule, a na-eji ihe mmetụta okpomọkụ na-aga n'ihu na-enyocha ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke ngwọta na-echekwa oge na data okpomọkụ, na potentiostat / galvanostat na-eji tụọ ugbu a.A na-eji elektrọd graphite mee ihe dị ka electrode counter, a tụlekwara ike niile dabere na electrode ntụaka Ag/AgCl.A rụrụ argon purge n'oge ule niile.
Na fig.1 na-egosi ihe mejupụtara (na pasent arọ) nke ihe flux F1 na F2 ejiri maka mmepụta nke alkaline (E1) na acidic (E2) electrodes, n'otu n'otu.A na-eji ntụzịaka ihe nrịbama nke flux iji buo amụma ihe arụrụ arụ na nke ọla nke nkwonkwo welded.F1 bụ akụkụ nke ntugharị eji ekpuchi electrodes E1, nke a na-akpọ alkaline flux n'ihi na ndenye aha ya bụ> 1.2 (ya bụ 2.40), na F2 bụ flux eji kpuchie E2 electrodes, nke a na-akpọ acid flux n'ihi ntọala ya. index <0.9 (ya bụ 2.40).0.40).O doro anya na electrodes ndị e kpuchiri na fluxes bụ isi n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nwere ihe arụ ọrụ dị mma karịa electrodes nke ejiri acidic fluxes kpuchie.Njirimara a bụ ọrụ nke ikike nke oxide bụ isi na sistemu ihe mejupụtara maka electrode E1.N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, mwepụ nke slag (nkewa) na obere spatter a na-ahụ na nkwonkwo welded na E2 electrodes bụ njirimara nke electrodes na mkpuchi flux acid nke nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya nke rutile.Nlebanya a dabara na nchoputa nke Gill47 na mmetụta nke rutile ọdịnaya na slag detachability na obere spatter nke acid flux mkpuchi elektrọn na-enye aka na ngwa ngwa slag kefriza.A na-eji Kaolin n'ime usoro flux nke a na-eji mkpuchi electrodes E1 na E2 mee ihe dị ka mmanụ mmanu, na talc ntụ ntụ mere ka extrudability nke electrodes dịkwuo mma.Potassium silicate binders na flux sistemu na-enye aka na mgbanye arc ka mma na nkwụsi ike arụmọrụ, yana, na mgbakwunye na ihe nrapado ha, na-eme ka nkewa slag na ngwaahịa welded.Ebe ọ bụ na CaCO3 bụ onye na-agbaji net (slag breaker) na ntụgharị ma na-emekarị ka ọ na-emepụta ọtụtụ anwụrụ ọkụ n'oge ịgbado ọkụ n'ihi na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ n'ime CaO na ihe dịka 44% CO2, TiO2 (dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ net / slag mbụ) na-enyere aka belata ego. anwụrụ ọkụ n'oge ịgbado ọkụ .ịgbado ọkụ ma si otú ahụ kwalite slag detachability dị ka Jing et al.48 tụrụ aro.Fluorine Flux (CaF2) bụ mgbanwe kemịkalụ ike na-eme ka ịdị ọcha na-ere ahịa dịkwuo mma.Jastrzębska et al.49 kọrọ mmetụta nke ngwakọta fluoride nke ihe nrụgharị a na njirimara ịdị ọcha weld.Dịka, a na-agbakwunye flux na mpaghara weld iji melite nkwụsi ike arc, gbakwunye ihe ndị na-eme ka alloying, wulite slag, mụbaa arụpụtaghị ihe, ma melite ogo nke ọdọ mmiri weld 50.
Usoro TGA-DTG egosiri na fig.2a na 2b na-egosi mbelata ịdị arọ nke nkeji atọ n'elu ikpo ọkụ na oke okpomọkụ nke 30–1000 Celsius na ikuku nitrogen.Nsonaazụ dị na ọnụọgụ 2a na b na-egosi na maka ihe nlele nke isi na acidic flux, usoro TGA na-agbadata ogologo oge ruo mgbe ọ ga-emecha dakọọ na axis okpomọkụ, gburugburu 866.49°C na 849.10°C n'otu n'otu.Mbelata ịdị arọ nke 1.30% na 0.81% na mmalite nke akụkụ TGA na Fig. 2a na 2b bụ n'ihi mmiri mmiri na-etinye n'ime mmiri nke mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, yana evaporation na mmiri mmiri nke elu mmiri.Isi decompositions nke samples nke isi flux na nke abụọ na nke atọ nkebi na fig.2a mere na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị 619.45°C–766.36°C na 766.36°C–866.49°C, na pasentị nke ọnwụ ha bụ 2.84 na 9.48%., n'otu n'otu.Ọ bụ ezie na maka ihe atụ nke flux acidic na Fig. 7b, nke dị na okpomọkụ nke 665.23 ° C-745.37 ° C na 745.37 ° C-849.10 ° C, pasent ha na-efunahụ bụ 0.81 na 6.73%, n'otu n'otu, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ. thermal ire ere.Ebe ọ bụ na ihe ndị na-emegharị ahụ bụ inorganic, ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ejedebe na ngwakọta flux.Ya mere, mbelata na oxidation dị egwu.Nke a dabara na nsonaazụ Balogun et al.51, Kamli et al.52 na Adeleke et al.53.Nchikota nke oke mfu nke nlele nlegharị anya hụrụ na fig.2a na 2b bụ 13.26% na 8.43% n'otu n'otu.Obere mfu nke ihe nlele flux na fig.2b bụ n'ihi isi agbaze dị elu nke TiO2 na SiO2 (1843 na 1710 Celsius C n'otu n'otu) dị ka isi oxides na-eme ka ngwakọta flux54,55, ebe TiO2 na SiO2 nwere ebe mgbaze dị ala.Ebe na-agbaze oxide nke mbụ: CaCO3 (825 Celsius) na nlegharị anya na fig.2a56.Mgbanwe ndị a na ebe mgbaze nke isi oxides na ngwakọta flux na-akọ nke ọma Shi et al.54, Ringdalen et al.55 na Du et al.56.N'ileba anya na ọnwụ na-aga n'ihu na Fig. 2a na 2b, enwere ike ikwubi na ihe nlele flux ejiri na mkpuchi E1 na E2 electrode na-enweta ire ere otu nzọụkwụ, dịka Brown57 tụrụ aro.Enwere ike ịhụ oke okpomọkụ nke usoro ahụ site na mgbanaka arụpụta (wt%) na fig.2a na b.Ebe ọ bụ na usoro TGA enweghị ike ịkọwa n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke sistemu flux na-enwe mgbanwe oge na kristal, a na-eji usoro TGA chọpụta kpọmkwem uru okpomọkụ nke ihe ọ bụla (mgbanwe nke oge) dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ endothermic iji kwadebe usoro flux.
TGA-DTG akụkụ na-egosi okpomọkụ ire ere nke (a) alkaline flux maka E1 electrode mkpuchi na (b) acidic flux maka E2 electrode mkpuchi.
Tebụl 4 na-egosi nsonaazụ nke nyocha spectrophotometric na nyocha SEM-EDS nke DSS 2205 base metal na welds mere site na iji E1, E2 na C electrodes.E1 na E2 gosiri na ọdịnaya nke chromium (Cr) gbadara nke ọma ruo 18.94 na 17.04%, na ọdịnaya nke molybdenum (Mo) bụ 0.06 na 0.08%, n'otu n'otu.ụkpụrụ nke welds na electrodes E1 na E2 dị ala.Nke a dabara ntakịrị na uru PREN gbakọrọ maka oge ferritic-austenitic sitere na nyocha SEM-EDS.Ya mere, a pụrụ ịhụ na pitting amalite na ogbo na ala PREN ụkpụrụ (welds si E1 na E2), ihu ọma dị ka akọwara na Isiokwu 4. Nke a bụ ihe na-egosi depletion na o kwere omume ọdịda nke alloy na weld.N'ikpeazụ, a na-egosi mbelata ọdịnaya nke Cr na Mo alloying element na welds nke emepụtara site na iji electrodes E1 na E2 na ụkpụrụ ha nhata dị ala (PREN) na Tebụl 4, nke na-emepụta nsogbu maka ịnọgide na-enwe nguzogide na gburugburu ebe ike ike, karịsịa. na gburugburu chloride.-nwere gburugburu ebe obibi.The dịtụ elu nickel (Ni) ọdịnaya nke 11.14% na ikike ịgba nke manganese ọdịnaya na welded nkwonkwo nke E1 na E2 electrodes nwere ike na-enwe mmetụta dị mma na n'ibu Njirimara nke weldments eji na ọnọdụ simulating oké osimiri (Fig. 3). ).Emere ya site na iji ọrụ Yuan na Oy58 na Jing et al.48 na mmetụta nke nnukwu nickel na manganese mejupụtara na imeziwanye ihe arụrụ arụ nke DSS welded Ọdịdị n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọrụ siri ike.
Nsonaazụ ule tensile maka (a) UTS na 0.2% sag YS na (b) edo na elongation zuru oke na ngbanwe ọkọlọtọ ha.
A na-enyocha njirimara ike nke isi ihe (BM) na nkwonkwo welded sitere na electrodes mepụtara (E1 na E2) na electrode dị na ahịa (C) na mmiri ọkụ abụọ dị iche iche nke 90 A na 110 A. 3 (a) na (b) gosi UTS, YS na 0.2% kwụsịrị, yana elongation ha na data ndahie ọkọlọtọ.UTS na YS nkwụghachi nsonaazụ nke 0.2% nwetara site na fig.3a gosi ụkpụrụ kacha mma maka sample no.1 (BM), sample no.3 (weld E1), sample no.5 (weld E2) na sample no.6 (welds na C) bụ 878 na 616 MPa, 732 na 497 MPa, 687 na 461 MPa na 769 na 549 MPa, n'otu n'otu, na ụkpụrụ ọkọlọtọ ha dị iche iche.Site na fig.110 A) bụ ihe nlele akpọrọ 1, 2, 3, 6 na 7, otu n'otu n'otu, nwere ihe kacha nta akwadoro kariri 450 MPa na ule tensile na 620 MPa na ule tensile nke Grocki32 tụpụtara.The elongation nke ịgbado ọkụ ụdị na electrodes E1, E2 na C, nọchiri anya sample No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 na No. 7, na ịgbado ọkụ mmiri nke 90 A na 110 A. otu, na-egosipụta plasticity na eziokwu.njikọ na isi ọla.A kọwara elongation ala site na ntụpọ ịgbado ọkụ nwere ike ime ma ọ bụ ihe mejupụtara nke ikuku electrode (Fig 3b).Enwere ike ikwubi na BM duplex igwe anaghị agba nchara na welded nkwonkwo na E1, E2 na C electrodes n'ozuzu nwere budata elu tensile Njirimara n'ihi na ha dịtụ elu nickel ọdịnaya (Table 4), ma nke a onwunwe hụrụ na welded nkwonkwo.A na-enweta E2 na-adịchaghị irè site na ngwakọta acidic nke flux.Gunn59 gosipụtara mmetụta nke nickel alloys na-emeziwanye ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke nkwonkwo welded na ịchịkwa nha nha na nkesa elementrị.Nke a na-akwadokwa eziokwu ahụ bụ na electrodes mere site na isi flux mejupụtara nwere mma n'ibu Njirimara karịa electrodes mere si acidic flux ngwakọta, dị ka na-atụ aro site Bang et al.60.Ya mere, a na-enye onyinye dị ịrịba ama maka ihe ọmụma dị ugbu a banyere ihe onwunwe nke nkwonkwo welded nke ọhụrụ mkpuchi electrode (E1) nke nwere ezigbo nkwụsịtụ.
Na fig.Ọnụọgụ 4a na 4b na-egosi Vickers microhardness e ji mara nnwale samples nke welded nkwonkwo nke electrodes E1, E2 na C. 4a na-egosi ekweghị ekwe pụta nwetara site na otu ntụziaka nke sample (site na WZ ka BM), na fig.4b na-egosi nsonaazụ ike enwetara n'akụkụ abụọ nke nlele ahụ.The ekweghị ekwe ụkpụrụ enwetara n'oge ịgbado ọkụ nke sample No. 2, 3, 4 na 5, nke na-welded nkwonkwo na electrodes E1 na E2, nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na keadighi rarii-grained Ọdịdị n'oge solidification na ịgbado ọkụ cycles.A na-ahụ mmụba dị elu nke siri ike ma na HAZ na-enweghị isi na nke ọma HAZ nke ihe atụ niile nke 2-7 (lee koodu nlele na Tebụl 2), nke nwere ike ịkọwa site na mgbanwe mgbanwe na microstructure nke microstructure. Weld ahụ n'ihi ihe nlele chromium-weld bara ụba na anwuru (Cr23C6).Tụnyere ndị ọzọ ịgbado ọkụ sample 2, 3, 4 na 5, ike ụkpụrụ nke welded nkwonkwo nke sample No. 6 na 7 na fig.4a na 4b n'elu (Table 2).Dị ka Mohammed et al.61 na Nowacki na Lukoje62 si kwuo, nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oke ferrite δ uru na-akpata nrụgide fọdụrụnụ na weld, yana nkwụsị nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe dịka Mo na Cr na weld.Ụkpụrụ isi ike nke ihe nlele nnwale niile a na-atụle na mpaghara BM yiri ka ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe.Usoro na nsonaazụ nyocha nke ike siri ike nke ụdị welded kwekọrọ na nkwubi okwu nke ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ61,63,64.
Ụkpụrụ isi ike nke nkwonkwo welded nke ụdị DSS (a) ọkara akụkụ nke ụdị welded na (b) akụkụ zuru ezu nke nkwonkwo welded.
A na-enweta usoro dị iche iche dị na welded DSS 2205 na E1, E2 na C electrodes na XRD spectra maka diffraction angle 2 \ (\ theta \) na-egosi na Fig. ) na ferrite (\(\ alpha \)) usoro ka amapụtara na diffraction akụkụ nke 43° na 44°, conclusively akwado na weld mejupụtara bụ abụọ-phase 65 igwe anaghị agba nchara.na DSS BM na-egosi naanị austenitic (\(\gamma \)) na ferritic (\(\ alpha \)) n'usoro, na-akwado microstructural arụpụtaghị ndị e gosiri na Figure 1 na 2. 6c, 7c na 9c.The ferritic (\ (\ alpha \) frasi hụrụ na DSS BM na elu ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na weld na electrode C na-egosi na ya corrosion eguzogide, ebe a na-adọ Aims dịkwuo corrosion eguzogide nke ígwè, dị ka Davison na Redmond66 nwere. kwuru , ọnụnọ nke ihe na-eme ka ferrite, dị ka Cr na Mo, na-eme ka ihe nkiri ahụ na-agafe agafe nke ọma na gburugburu ebe nwere chloride.Tebụl 5 na-egosi usoro ferrite-austenitic site na ngụpụta nke metallography.A na-enweta oke nke akụkụ olu nke ferrite-austenitic na nkwonkwo welded nke electrode C ihe dịka (≈1: 1).The ala ferrite (\ (\ alpha \)) na-adọ mejupụtara weldments na-eji E1 na E2 electrodes na olu nkebi nsonaazụ (Table 5) na-egosi a kwere omume uche na a corrosive gburugburu ebe obibi, nke e kwadoro site electrochemical analysis.kwadoro (Fig. 10a, b)), ebe ọ bụ na oge ferrite na-enye ike dị elu na nchebe megide nrụgide corrosion corrosion na-akpata chloride.Ekwupụtakwara nke a site n'ụkpụrụ siri ike dị ala a na-ahụ na welds nke electrodes E1 na E2 na fig.4a,b, nke a na-akpata site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ferrite na nhazi ígwè (Table 5).Ọnụnọ nke austenitic na-ezighi ezi (\(\gamma\)) na ferritic (\(\ alpha\)) n'usoro na nkwonkwo welded site na iji E2 electrodes na-egosi n'ezie adịghị ike nke ígwè na mwakpo corrosion otu.N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, ihe ngosi XPA nke nchara abụọ nke nkwonkwo welded na E1 na C electrodes, yana nsonaazụ BM, na-egosikarị ọnụnọ nke ihe na-eme ka austenitic na ferritic stabilizing, nke na-eme ka ihe ahụ bara uru na-ewu na ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical. , n'ihi na rụrụ ụka Jimenez et al.65;Davidson & Redmond66;Shamant na ndị ọzọ67.
Ngwa anya micrographs nke welded nkwonkwo nke E1 electrodes na dị iche iche weld geometries: (a) HAZ na-egosi fusion ahịrị, (b) HAZ na-egosi fusion akara na elu ịdị elu, (c) BM maka ferritic-austenitic frasi, (d) weld geometry. , (e) Na-egosi mpaghara mgbanwe dị nso, (f) HAZ na-egosi oge ferritic-austenitic na mmụba dị elu, (g) Mpaghara Weld na-egosi oge nkwụsị nke ferritic-austenitic.
Ngwa anya micrographs nke E2 electrode welds dị iche iche weld geometries: (a) HAZ na-egosi fusion akara, (b) HAZ na-egosi fusion ahịrị na elu ịdị elu, (c) BM maka ferritic-austenitic nnukwu agba, (d) weld geometry, (e)) na-egosi mpaghara mgbanwe na gburugburu, (f) HAZ na-egosi oge ferritic-austenitic na nkwalite dị elu, (g) mpaghara ịgbado ọkụ na-egosi oge ferritic-austenitic.
Ọnụọgụ 6a–c na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-egosi nhazi metallographic nke nkwonkwo DSS welded site na iji E1 electrode na geometries dị iche iche ịgbado ọkụ (Njirimara 6d), na-egosi ebe a na-ewere micrographs anya dị iche iche.Na fig.6a, b, f - mpaghara mgbanwe nke nkwonkwo welded, na-egosipụta usoro nha nha nke ferrite-austenite.Ọnụọgụ 7a-c na ihe atụ na-egosikwa OM nke nkwonkwo DSS welded site na iji E2 electrode na geometries dị iche iche ịgbado ọkụ (Onyonyo 7d), na-anọchi anya ihe OM analysis na dị iche iche magnifications.Na fig.7a,b,f gosi mpaghara mgbanwe nke nkwonkwo welded na ferritic-austenitic equilibrium.OM na mpaghara ịgbado ọkụ (WZ) ka egosiri na fig.1 na fig.2. Welds maka electrodes E1 na E2 6g na 7g, n'otu n'otu.OM na BM ka e gosiri na foto 1 na 2. Na fig.6c, e na 7c, e na-egosi ikpe nke welded nkwonkwo na electrodes E1 na E2, n'otu n'otu.Ebe ìhè bụ austenite na mpaghara gbara ọchịchịrị bụ akụkụ ferrite.Usoro nha nha na mpaghara okpomọkụ emetụtara (HAZ) dị nso n'ahịrị ngwakọta gosiri nguzobe nke Cr2N precipitates, dị ka egosiri na SEM-BSE micrographs na fig.8a,b ma kwadoro na fig.9a,b.Ọnụnọ nke Cr2N hụrụ na oge ferrite nke ihe atụ na fig.8a,b na nkwenye site na nyocha SEM-EMF na EMF akara eserese nke akụkụ welded (Fig 9a-b), bụ n'ihi okpomọkụ ọkụ ọkụ dị elu.Mgbasa okirikiri na-eme ka iwebata chromium na nitrogen dị ngwa, ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ dị elu na weld na-abawanye ọnụọgụ mgbasa nke nitrogen.Nsonaazụ ndị a na-akwado ọmụmụ ihe site na Ramirez et al.68 na Herenyu et al.69 na-egosi na, n'agbanyeghị ọdịnaya nitrogen, Cr2N na-edobekarị na ọka ferrite, oke ọka, na α / \ (\ gamma \), dị ka a tụrụ aro ya. ndị ọzọ na-eme nchọpụta.70.71.
(a) ntụpọ SEM-EMF nyocha (1, 2 na 3) nke nkwonkwo welded na E2;
E gosipụtara ọdịdị elu nke ihe atụ ndị nnọchiteanya na EMF ha kwekọrọ na fig.10a–c.Na fig.Ọnụọgụ 10a na 10b na-egosi micrographs SEM na ụdị EMF ha nke nkwonkwo welded site na iji electrodes E1 na E2 na mpaghara ịgbado ọkụ, n'otu n'otu, na fig.10c na-egosi micrographs SEM na ụdị EMF nke OM nwere austenite (\(\gamma \)) na ferrite (\(alpha \)) na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla.Dị ka e gosiri na EDS ụdịdị dị iche iche na fig. 10a, pasent nke Cr (21.69 wt.%) na Mo (2.65 wt.%) tụnyere 6.25 wt.% Ni na-enye echiche nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ itule nke ferrite-austenitic oge.Microstructure nwere nnukwu mbelata ọdịnaya nke chromium (15.97 wt.%) na molybdenum (1.06 wt.%) ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọdịnaya dị elu nke nickel (10.08 wt.%) na microstructure nke nkwonkwo welded nke electrode E2, gosiri na fig.1. Tụlee.EMF ụdịdị dị iche iche 10b.Udi acicular nwere usoro austenitic mara mma nke a hụrụ na WZ nke egosiri na fig.10b na-akwado ike ọgwụgwụ nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ekpo ọkụ (Cr na Mo) na weld na mmiri ozuzo nke chromium nitride (Cr2N) - oge austenitic.Nkesa nke irighiri mmiri ozuzo n'akụkụ oke nke austenitic (\(\gamma \)) na ferritic (\(\ alpha \)) akụkụ nke DSS welded nkwonkwo kwadoro nkwupụta a72,73,74.Nke a na-ebutekwa arụmọrụ corrosion ya na-adịghị mma, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ewere Cr dị ka isi ihe maka ịmepụta ihe nkiri na-agafe agafe nke na-eme ka nguzogide corrosion dị na mpaghara nke ígwè59,75 dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 10b.Enwere ike ịhụ na BM na SEM micrograph na Fig. 10c na-egosi nhazi ọka siri ike dị ka nsonaazụ EDS ya na-egosi Cr (23.32 wt%), Mo (3.33 wt%) na Ni (6.32 wt).%) ezigbo chemical Njirimara.%) dị ka ihe dị mkpa alloying mmewere maka ịlele nha nha microstructure nke ferrite-austenitic n'usoro nke DSS76.Nsonaazụ nke nchịkọta EMF spectroscopic mejupụtara nke nkwonkwo welded nke E1 electrode kwadoro iji ya na-ewu na gburugburu ebe ike dị ntakịrị, ebe ọ bụ na austenite na mbụ na ferrite stabilizers na microstructure na-agbaso ụkpụrụ DSS AISI 220541.72 maka nkwonkwo welded, 77.
SEM micrographs nke nkwonkwo welded, ebe (a) electrode E1 nke mpaghara ịgbado ọkụ nwere ụdị EMF, (b) electrode E2 nke mpaghara ịgbado ọkụ nwere ụdị EMF, (c) OM nwere ụdị EMF.
Na omume, achọpụtara na welds DSS na-esiwanye ike na ọnọdụ ferritic zuru oke (F-mode), yana austenite nuclei na-agbada n'okpuru okpomọkụ solvus, nke dabere na chromium ka nickel nha nha (Creq / Nieq) (> 1.95 bụ ọnọdụ F) Ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta achọpụtala mmetụta a nke ígwè n'ihi ike mgbasa ozi siri ike nke Cr na Mo dị ka ihe na-emepụta ferrite na ferrite phase8078,79.O doro anya na DSS 2205 BM nwere nnukwu ego nke Cr na Mo (na-egosi na Creq dị elu), ma ọ nwere ọdịnaya Ni dị ala karịa weld na E1, E2 na C electrodes, nke na-eme ka ọkwa Creq / Nieq dị elu.Nke a pụtakwara ìhè na ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a, dị ka egosiri na Tebụl 4, ebe ekpebisiri ike na Creq/Nieq maka DSS 2205 BM n'elu 1.95.Enwere ike ịhụ na welds na electrodes E1, E2 na C na-agbasi ike na ọnọdụ austenitic-ferritic (AF mode), ọnọdụ austenitic (A mode) na ọnọdụ ferritic-austenitic, n'otu n'otu, n'ihi ọdịnaya dị elu nke nnukwu ọnọdụ (ọnọdụ FA). .), dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 4, ọdịnaya nke Ni, Cr na Mo na weld dị obere, na-egosi na Creq/Nieq ratio dị ala karịa nke BM.Isi ferrite dị na welds electrode E2 nwere morphology vermicular ferrite na nke Creq/Nieq kpebisiri ike bụ 1.20 dị ka akọwara na Tebụl 4.
Na fig.11a na-egosi ike mepere emepe (OCP) na oge maka nhazi igwe AISI DSS 2205 na ngwọta 3.5% NaCl.Enwere ike ịhụ na usoro ORP na-atụgharị gaa n'ikike dị mma karị, na-egosi ọdịdị nke ihe nkiri na-agafe agafe n'elu ihe nlere metal ahụ, nkwụsị nke nwere ike na-egosi corrosion n'ozuzu ya, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile ka oge na-aga na-egosi nguzobe nke ihe nkiri. ihe nkiri na-agafe agafe n'oge., N'elu ihe nlele ahụ kwụsiri ike ma nwee 77 Sticky. Ihe mgbagwoju anya na-egosi ihe ndị na-eme nchọpụta n'okpuru ọnọdụ kwụsiri ike maka ihe nlele niile na electrolyte nwere 3.5% NaCl ngwọta, ma e wezụga ihe atụ 7 (weld nkwonkwo na C-electrode), nke na-egosi obere enweghị ntụkwasị obi.Enwere ike iji enweghị ntụkwasị obi tụnyere ọnụnọ nke ion chloride (Cl-) na ngwọta, nke nwere ike mee ka mmeghachi omume corrosion dịkwuo elu, si otú ahụ na-abawanye ogo nke corrosion.Nleba anya n'oge nyocha OCP na-enweghị ikike etinyere ya gosipụtara na Cl na mmeghachi omume nwere ike imetụta nkwụsi ike na nkwụsi ike nke ihe atụ na gburugburu ebe ike ike.Ma et al.81 na Lotho et al.5 kwadoro nkwupụta ahụ na Cl na-ekere òkè n'ịkwalite mmebi nke ihe nkiri na-adịghị mma na mkpụrụ, si otú a na-enye aka na-eyiwanye uwe.
Nyocha nke eletrọnịkị nke ihe atụ ndị a mụrụ: (a) mgbanwe nke RSD dabere na oge yana (b) potentiodynamic polarization nke ihe nlele na 3.5% NaCl ngwọta.
Na fig.11b na-enye ntụle ntụnyere nke potentiodynamic polarization curves (PPC) nke nkwonkwo welded nke electrodes E1, E2 na C n'okpuru mmetụta nke 3.5% NaCl ngwọta.Ihe nlele BM welded na PPC na 3.5% NaCl ngwọta gosipụtara omume ngafe.Tebụl 5 na-egosi paramita nyocha nke electrochemical nke ihe atụ ndị enwetara site na akụkụ PPC, dị ka Ecorr (ikike corrosion) na Epit (pitting corrosion potential) na ọdịiche ha jikọtara ya.Tụnyere ihe atụ ndị ọzọ No. 2 na No. 5, welded na electrodes E1 na E2, samples No. 1 and No. 7 (BM na welded joint with electrode C) gosiri nnukwu ikike maka pitting corrosion na ngwọta NaCl (Fig 11b). ).Njirimara passivating dị elu nke mbụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ikpeazụ bụ n'ihi nguzozi nke microstructural mejupụtara nke ígwè (austenitic na ferritic phases) na ntinye nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe.N'ihi ọnụnọ nke usoro ferrite na austenitic na microstructure, Resendea et al.82 kwadoro omume ngafe nke DSS na mgbasa ozi ike ike.Arụmọrụ dị ala nke ihe atụ welded na E1 na E2 electrodes nwere ike jikọta ya na mmebi nke ihe ndị bụ isi alloying, dị ka Cr na Mo, na mpaghara ịgbado ọkụ (WZ), ebe ọ bụ na ha na-eme ka usoro ferrite (Cr na Mo) kwụsie ike. passivators Alloys na austenitic agba nke oxidized steels.Mmetụta nke ihe ndị a na nguzogide pitting dị ukwuu na oge austenitic karịa na oge ferritic.N'ihi nke a, usoro ferritic na-enweta passivation ngwa ngwa karịa oge austenitic jikọtara ya na mpaghara mbụ passivation nke polarization curve.Ihe ndị a na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na nkwụsi ike nke DSS n'ihi nkwụsi ike ha dị elu na oge austenitic ma e jiri ya tụnyere oge ferritic.Ya mere, ngwa ngwa passivation nke usoro ferrite dị 81% dị elu karịa nke austenite.Ọ bụ ezie na Cl-in ngwọta nwere mmetụta ọjọọ siri ike na ikike ngafe nke ihe nkiri ígwè83.N'ihi ya, nkwụsi ike nke ihe nkiri na-agafe agafe nke ihe nlele ahụ ga-ebelata nke ukwuu84.Site na tebụl.6 na-egosikwa na ikike nke corrosion (Ecorr) nke nkwonkwo welded na E1 electrode na-adịchaghị mma na ngwọta ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkwonkwo welded na E2 electrode.A na-akwadokwa nke a site na ụkpụrụ dị ala nke ike nke welds site na iji electrodes E1 na E2 na fig.4a,b, nke bụ n'ihi obere ọdịnaya nke ferrite (Table 5) na obere ọdịnaya nke chromium na molybdenum (Table 4) na nhazi ígwè mere.Enwere ike ikwubi na nguzogide corrosion nke ígwè na gburugburu mmiri simulated na-abawanye site na ibelata ịgbado ọkụ ugbu a ma na-ebelata site na ọdịnaya Cr na Mo dị ala yana ọdịnaya ferrite dị ala.Nkwupụta a dabara na nyocha nke Salim et al.85 na mmetụta nke welding parameters dị ka ịgbado ọkụ ugbu a na corrosion iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke welded steels.Ka chloride na-esi n'ụzọ dị iche iche abanye nchara nchara dị ka nnabata capillary na mgbasa, a na-emepụta olulu (pitting corrosion) nke ọdịdị na-enweghị isi na omimi.Usoro ahụ dị nnọọ iche na ngwọta pH dị elu ebe ndị gbara ya gburugburu (OH-) na-adọrọ mmasị na nchara nchara, na-eme ka ihe nkiri na-agafe agafe ma na-enye nchebe ọzọ na elu ígwè25,86.Kacha mma corrosion eguzogide sample No. 1 na Mba 7 bụ tumadi n'ihi ọnụnọ na nchara Ọdịdị nke a nnukwu ego nke δ-ferrite (Table 5) na nnukwu ego nke Cr na Mo (Table 4), ebe ọ bụ na larịị nke pitting corrosion bụ tumadi dị na ígwè, welded site DSS usoro, na austenitic-phase Ọdịdị nke akụkụ.Ya mere, ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke alloy na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na arụ ọrụ corrosion nke nkwonkwo welded87,88.Tụkwasị na nke a, a chọpụtara na ihe nlere anya welded site na iji E1 na C electrodes n'ime nnyocha a gosipụtara ụkpụrụ Ecorr dị ala site na akụkụ PPC karịa nke a na-eji E2 electrode sitere na akụkụ OCP (Table 5).Ya mere, mpaghara anode na-amalite na ike dị ala.Mgbanwe a bụ n'ihi nkwụsi ike n'akụkụ akụkụ nke oyi akwa passivation kpụrụ n'elu ihe nlele ahụ na polarization cathodic nke na-eme tupu e nweta nkwalite zuru oke nke OCP89.Na fig.12a na b na-egosi onyonyo profaịlụ ngwa anya 3D nke ihe nlere anya mebiri emebi n'okpuru ọnọdụ ịgbado ọkụ dị iche iche.Ọ nwere ike ịhụ na pitting corrosion size nke ụdị na-abawanye na ala pitting corrosion nwere ike kere site elu ịgbado ọkụ ugbu a nke 110 A (Fig. 12b), tụnyere pitting corrosion size nwetara maka welds na ala ịgbado ọkụ ugbu a ruru nke. 90 A. (Fig 12a).Nke a na-akwado nkwuputa Mohammed90 na a na-emepụta eriri slips n'elu ihe nlele ahụ iji bibie ihe nkiri passivation elu site na ikpughe mkpụrụ ahụ na ngwọta 3.5% NaCl ka chloride wee malite ịwakpo, na-eme ka ihe ahụ gbazee.
Nyocha SEM-EDS na Tebụl 4 na-egosi na ụkpụrụ PREN nke usoro austenitic ọ bụla dị elu karịa nke ferrite na welds niile na BM.Mmalite nke pitting na ferrite/austenite interface na-eme ka mbibi nke oyi akwa ihe na-agafe agafe n'ihi inhomogeneity na nkewa nke ihe ndị na-eme na mpaghara ndị a91.N'adịghị ka oge austenitic, ebe ọnụọgụ nkwụsị nke nhata (PRE) dị elu, mmalite mmalite na oge ferritic bụ n'ihi uru PRE dị ala (Table 4).Oge austenite yiri ka ọ nwere nnukwu ego nke austenite stabilizer (nitrogen solubility), nke na-enye ntinye dị elu nke ihe a na, ya mere, nguzogide dị elu na pitting92.
Na fig.Onyonyo 13 na-egosi usoro ikpo ọkụ dị oke egwu maka welds E1, E2 na C.Nyere na njupụta ugbu a mụbara ruo 100 µA/cm2 n'ihi pitting n'oge ule ASTM, o doro anya na @110A weld na E1 gosipụtara opekempe ikpo ọkụ dị oke egwu nke 27.5 Celsius C na-esote E2 @ 90A soldering na-egosi CPT nke 40. Celsius C, na n'ihe banyere C@110A CPT kachasị elu bụ 41°C.Nsonaazụ ahụrụ na-ekwenye na nsonaazụ a hụrụ nke ule polarization.
Achọpụtara ihe eji arụ ọrụ na omume corrosion nke igwe anaghị agba nchara duplex site na iji elektrọd E1 na E2 ọhụrụ.Eletrọd alkaline (E1) na electrode acidic (E2) ejiri mee ihe na usoro SMAW ejiri nke ọma kpuchie ya na ihe mejupụtara ya na oke mkpuchi mkpuchi nke 1.7 mm na ntinye alkaline nke 2.40 na 0.40, n'otu n'otu.Atụlela nkwụsi ike ọkụ nke fluxes akwadoro site na iji TGA na usoro inert.Ọnụnọ nke ọdịnaya dị elu nke TiO2 (%) na matrix flux mere ka mwepụ nke slag nke weldments maka electrodes nke ejiri acidic flux (E2) jiri ya tụnyere electrodes na-ekpuchi ya na isi flux (E1).Ọ bụ ezie na electrodes abụọ mkpuchi mkpuchi (E1 na E2) nwere ikike mmalite arc dị mma.Ọnọdụ ịgbado ọkụ, ọkachasị ntinye ọkụ, ịgbado ọkụ ugbu a na ọsọ ọsọ, na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'inweta nguzozi austenite/ferrite nke DSS 2205 welds yana akụrụngwa akụrụngwa dị mma nke weld.Njikọ ndị a na-ejikọta na E1 electrode gosipụtara ihe ndị na-adịghị mma nke ọma (shiee 0.2% YS = 497 MPa na UTS = 732 MPa), na-akwado na ihe ndị bụ isi nke flux kpuchie electrodes nwere nnukwu ihe nrịbama dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere acid flux electrodes.Electrodes na-egosipụta ihe ndị dị mma n'ibu na obere alkalinity.O doro anya na n'ime nkwonkwo welded nke electrodes na mkpuchi ọhụrụ (E1 na E2) enweghị nha nha nke usoro ferrite-austenitic, nke ekpughere site na iji nyocha OES na SEM-EDS nke weld na quantified site n'ikuku olu na. weld ahụ.Metallography kwadoro ọmụmụ ihe SEM ha.microstructures.Nke a bụ n'ihi mbelata nke ihe alloying dị ka Cr na Mo na ntọhapụ enwere ike nke Cr2N n'oge ịgbado ọkụ, nke nyocha akara EDS kwadoro.A na-akwado nke a site na ụkpụrụ siri ike dị ala a na-ahụ na welds na E1 na E2 electrodes n'ihi na ha dị ala nke ferrite na ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ígwè ahụ.Evidence Corrosion Potential (Ecorr) nke welds na-eji E1 electrode gosipụtara na ọ dị ntakịrị ihe na-eguzogide ọgwụ corrosion ma e jiri ya tụnyere welds na-eji E2 electrode.Nke a na-akwado ịdị irè nke electrodes emepụtara ọhụrụ na welds nwalere na gburugburu 3.5% NaCl na-enweghị ngwakọta ngwakọta alloy flux.Enwere ike ikwubi na nguzogide corrosion na gburugburu mmiri emepụtara na-abawanye site na mbelata ịgbado ọkụ ugbu a.Ya mere, mmiri ozuzo nke carbides na nitrides na mbelata na-esote na nguzogide corrosion nke nkwonkwo welded na-eji E1 na E2 electrodes kọwara site na mmụba nke ịgbado ọkụ ugbu a, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ahaghị nhata na nguzozi nke akụkụ nke welded nkwonkwo site na nchara abụọ.
Mgbe a rịọrọ ya, onye edemede ga-enye data maka ọmụmụ ihe a.
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